Transcript the respiratory system

The Respiratory System
Combining Forms
Adenoid/o: adenoids
Alveol/o: alveoli, air sac
Aer/o: air
Bronch/o, bronchi/o: bronchus
Bronchiol/o: bronchiole
Laryng/o: larynx (voice box)
Muc/o: mucus
Nas/o: nose
Ox/i: oxygen
Pharyng/o: pharynx (throat)
Combining Forms
Phren/o: diaphragm
Pleur/o: pleura
Pulmon/o: lung
Py/o: pus
Pneum/o, pneumon/o: air, lung
Thorac/o: chest
Spir/o: to breathe
Tonsill/o: tonsils
Trache/o: trachea (windpipe)
Steth/o: chest
Prefixes and suffixes
-capnia: carbon dioxide
-isy: state of, condition
-osmia: smelling
-oxia: oxygen
-pnea: breathing
-sphyxia: pulse
-staxis: dripping, oozing
Brady-: slow
Eu-: normal, good
Tachy-: rapid, fast
Overview
• Pulmonologist: medical doctor specializing in
respiratory disorders
• Otorhinolaryngologist: medical doctor specializing
in diseases of the ear nose and throat
• Parts: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes, lungs and diaphragm
• Functions: exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
with the atmosphere and maintain acid-base
balance
Diseases and Conditions
• Abnormal breathing sounds: abnormal sounds heard
during breathing
• Crackles: “rales” crackling or bubbling sounds
because of fluid in the alveoli
• Friction rub: dry, grating sound heard with a
stethoscope
• Rhonchi: loud, coarse or snoring sounds caused by
an obstructed airway
• Stridor: high-pitched whistling sounds caused by an
obstruction
• Wheezes: high-pitched whistling sound caused by
narrowing of airways
Diseases and Conditions
• Acidosis: excessive acidity of blood caused by
increased CO₂ levels
• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): a lifethreatening build-up of fluid in the alveoli caused
by vomit in the lungs, inhaling chemicals,
pneumonia, shock or trauma
• Anosmia: absence or decrease in the sense of smell
• Anoxia: total absence of oxygen in body tissues
• Asphyxia: insufficient intake of oxygen as a result of
choking, toxic gases, electric shock, drugs,
drowning, inhaling smoke or trauma
Diseases and Conditions
• Asthma: inflammatory airway disorder with wheezing
and shortness of breath
• Atelectasis: the collapse of lung tissue preventing
breathing
• caused by obstructions, fluid or pressure on the lungs
• Bronchitis: inflammation of the mucous membranes of
the bronchial tubes
• Coryza: acute inflammation of the nasal passages
accompanied by profuse nasal discharge “common
cold”
• Croup: acute respiratory syndrome that occurs in
children
• characterized by a barking cough and stridor
Diseases and Conditions
• Cystic fibrosis (CF): a genetic disease that causes
thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and
digestive tract
• Emphysema: chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) that makes it difficult to breathe
and causes alveoli to collapse
• Epistaxis: hemorrhage from the nose “nosebleed”
• Hypercapnia: more than normal amounts of carbon
dioxide in the blood
• Hypoxemia: deficiency of oxygen in the blood
• Hypoxia: deficiency of oxygen in the body tissues
Diseases and Conditions
• Influenza: acute, contagious infection with fever,
chills, headache and muscle pain
• Otitis media (OM): inflammation of the middle ear
caused by a respiratory infection
• Pertussis: acute infection characterized by a whoop
sounding cough “whooping cough”
• Pleurisy: inflammation of the pleural membrane
characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified
by breathing deeply or coughing
Diseases and Conditions
• Pneumothorax: air in the pleural cavity causing partial
or total lung collapse
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): completely
unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently
healthy infant “crib death”
• Apnea: a temporary stop in breathing, usually during
sleep
• A symptom of other respiratory or cardiovascular
conditions
• Tuberculosis (TB): a contagious disease caused by a
bacterium
• Spread through respiratory mucus
• Can also affect the genital tract, muscles and bones
Diagnostic Procedures
• Arterial blood gases (ABGs): a group of tests that
measures the oxygen and carbon dioxide
concentrations in a blood sample
• Mantoux test: intradermal test to determine
exposure to tuberculosis
• Polysomnography (PSG): a sleep study test used to
evaluate factors affecting sleep
• Pulmonary function tests (PFTs): various tests used
to determine lung capacity
• Spirometry: lung function test that measures and
records the volume and rate of breathing
Medical and Surgical Procedures
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR): artificial
respiration and manual cardiac massage
• Endotracheal intubation: airway catheter inserted
through the mouth or nose
• Postural drainage: the use of body positioning to
assist in the removal of secretions from the lungs
Thoracocentesis: the use of a needle to collect fluid
from the lungs
• Tracheostomy: incision into the trachea to create a
permanent opening
Pharmacology
• Bronchodilators: dilate constricted airways by
relaxing muscle spasms
• Corticosteroids: suppress inflammatory reactions
that cause narrowing of airways
• Expectorants: improve the ability to cough up
mucus
• Metered-dose inhaler (MDI): device that enables
the patient to self-administer premeasured
medication into the lungs through inhalation
• Nebulized mist treatment (NMT): method of
administering medication directly into the lungs
using a nebulizer that produces a fine spray
Abbreviations
• ABG: arterial blood gases
• ARDS: adult respiratory distress syndrome
• CF: cystic fibrosis
• CO₂: carbon dioxide
• COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• CPSP: continuous positive airway pressure
• CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• MDI: Metered-dose inhaler
Abbreviations
• NMT: nebulized mist treatment
• OM: otitis media
• O₂: oxygen
• OSA: obstructive sleep apnea
• PFT: pulmonary function test
• TB: tuberculosis
• UPP: uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
• URI: upper respiratory infection