Transcript Drill 7 - Industrial Age and Progressive Reforms

Industrial Age and Progressive
Reforms
Transcontinental Railroad
• A watershed accomplishment in American
history
• Completed in 1869 when two railroads were
joined at Promontory Point, Utah, allowing
undisrupted railroad travel from the Atlantic
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
• By the end of the nineteenth century, there
were a handful of completed transcontinental
railroads
Dawes
Act
•The act broke up reservations
and gave some of the land to
each Native American family for
farming.
Ghost Dance
The Sioux adopted ritual
called the Ghost Dance which
they hoped would bring the
buffalo back.
the Battle of
Wounded
Knee
At this battle the Army had
become nervous because of the
Sioux practicing the Ghost
Dance. They gathered them up
and tried to take their weapons,
when this happened a fight
broke out and 300 unarmed
Sioux were killed.
Homestead Act of 1862.
Under this law, the government
offered 160 acres of free land to
anyone who would farm it for
five years.
exodusters
African Americans who moved
from the post Reconstruction
South to Kansas.
Populism
This was a movement to gain
more political and economical
power for common people
Rutherford B. Hayes
• Elected president in 1876 (in a closely contested
election that was deadlocked in the electoral collage
and was therefore decided in the House of
Representatives)
• Won fewer popular votes (and fewer electoral votes)
than his opponent-Samuel Tilden- but was elected as
part of a political compromise
• Ended Reconstruction when he took office in 1877
• First Democrat elected after the Civil War
Jim Crow Laws
• A system of laws that collectively mandated
Segregation in all areas of life from that
1880’s to the 1960’s
• These laws were deemed constitutional by
the Supreme Court in Plessy v.
Ferguson(1896), and then deemed
unconstitutional in a series of cases decided
by the Warren Court in the 1950’s
Segregation
• The policy enforced by Jim Crow Laws
that kept blacks and whites separate in
all aspects of public life and many
aspects of private life
• Ended by the Civil Rights Movement
Bessemer Process
provided a useful way to turn
iron into steel.
Gilded Age
• A nickname (coined by mark twain) for the
period between the end of reconstruction
(1877) and the turn of the century
• The nickname applies to hold everything
America at that time looked marvelously golden
while that was only a surface appearance- a
gilding- that hid the serious problems within
America society
Laissez faire
• The philosophy that government regulation of
economic activity leads to inefficiency and that
competition naturally provides the best
regulation for business
• During the Gilded Age, American economic
policy was theoretically based on
____________ policies: though the government
refused to regulate business, it aided business
by giving industries property and materials.
Industrialization
• Refers to conversion of the American economy from
being dependent on farming to being dependent on
manufacturing (industry)
• Industrialization revolutionized the economic, social
and political affairs of the untied states, affecting
rapid charge in the gilded age and the early decades
of the twentieth century
Urbanization
• The trend toward Americans living in cities
• Began accelerating the Gilded Age
• 1920’s (Jazz Age) were the first time more
Americans lived in cities than in rural areas
• Immigration was a major cause
Alexander Graham Bell
• Invented the telephone in 1876
Thomas Edison
• Inventor known as the Wizard of Menlo
Park
• He is credited with creating the
phonograph, the incandescent light bulb
and the motion picture camera, among
numerous other things
George M. Pullman
He built a factory to create
luxury trains
John D. Rockefeller
He used the Standard Oil trust to almost
completely control the oil industry. His
ruthless business practices earned him huge
profits, but caused people to label him a
robber baron.
Sherman Antitrust Act
It made it illegal to form a trust,
but many companies were able
to avoid prosecution under the
law.
Labor unions
• Also known as organized labor, collective
organizations of laborers that were first
organized in the late 19th century to bargain
collectively with management for improvements
in working conditions, wages and hours.
Haymarket Affair
A bomb exploded at a demonstration in
Chicago in support of striking workers.
Several people were killed.
Labor leaders were charged with inciting a
riot and four were hanged although no one
knows who actually set off the bomb.
Eugene Debs
This person led the violent
strike against the Pullman
Company
Mary Harris Jones
known as Mother Jones, gained
fame as an organizer for the
United Mine Workers
Sherman Anti Trust Act
• An 1890 law designed to regulate business
monopolies by outlawing anti-competitive
business practices, including trusts and pools
• The law was poorly enforced until Theodore
Roosevelt and then William Howard Taft
served as president; they were known as “trust
busters” for their aggressive enforcement of
this act
• Under Woodrow Wilson’s administration, this
act was significantly strengthened
• Is still in place today, as evidenced by the
recent Microsoft case
Frederick Jackson Turner
• American historian who published famous
frontier thesis in 1893, advocating that the
American frontier had shaped the American
character
Plessy v. Ferguson
• Supreme Court decision in 1896 that ruled
segregation by race was unconstitutional, as
long as “separate but equal” accommodations
were available to African Americans
• Laws enforcing segregation were known as Jim
Crow laws, and they were not widely
challenged until the Civil Rights Movement
• This case was overruled by the Supreme Court
case of Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka, Kansas
Social Darwinism
• A sociological theory of the late nineteenth
century
• Advocated the idea that competition was the
natural state of society and that those who won
that competition were naturally superior and
naturally suited for leadership
• Derived its theories by applying Charles
Darwin’s theory of evolution to social relations
nativism
an obvious preference for
native born
James A. Garfield
the 20th president
Shortly after being elected he
was assassinated by a
Stalwart
HENRY FORD
• Invented the automobile in 1896.
• Pioneered the Assembly line, which
revolutionized manufacturing and allowed the
Model T to be affordable to most Americans in
the 1920’s.
• Doubled the pay of his workers from $2.50 to
$5.00 per. Day, significantly affecting the
economy and leading others to follow his
example.
Spanish American War
• Fought between the United States and Spain in 1898
• Began because of yellow Journalism and the break
up of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba and accelerated by
the effects of “yellow journalism”
• An example of American expansionism
• Resulted in American possession of the Philippines,
Guam, and Puerto Rico, as well as independence for
Cuba
• Known as the SpAm war because more Americans
died of spoiled canned meat than died in Combat
• Also famous for Theodore Roosevelt leading the
Rough Riders in the Battle of San Juan Hill
Rough Riders
A unit of volunteer soldiers led by
Theodore Roosevelt who fought in
the Spanish-American War.
San Juan Hill
famous battle won by the Rough
Riders
Expansionism
• The term applied to the American desire to
colonize territory outside of American borders
after the close of the frontier (1890)
• Expansionism was carried out in economic,
military, political and social ways
• The Spanish-American War and the Panama
Canal are both prime examples of expansionist
policy
Gentlemen’s Agreement
1907-1908 In San Francisco, the local school
board put all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean
children in special Asian schools.
This led to an anti-American riots in
Japan.President Theodore Roosevelt persuaded
San Francisco officials to stop their separation
policy.In exchange, Japan agreed to limit
emigration to the United States
Jane Adams
social reformer, She helped
establish Hull House, a
settlement house that helped
the poor of Chicago.
Assembly Line
• Manufacturing technique invented
by Henry Ford.
• Uses standardized parts and
specialized labor to speed the
manufacture of items and thereby
lower manufacturing costs.
• Allow mass production, such as
that which made the Model T
affordable and popular in the
1920’s
Model T
• The first widely popular
automobile in the United States
• Mass produced by Henry Ford in
the late 1910’s and the 1920’s on
the assembly line
• Its low price led to the
popularization of the automobile,
which changed the character of
American cities and lives of the
1920’s (the Jazz Age)
Progressive Era
• A period beginning in the late nineteenth
century and ending with American entry into
World War I
• Characterized by a movement that prized
expanded democracy and greater efficiency as
ways to reach economic and social justice
• Supported increased dependence on science
and social science
• Worked to alleviate poverty and to expand
government regulation of industry
Settlement Houses
• Progressive Era institutions located in inner
city slums, providing playgrounds, meeting
rooms, and educational facilities for local
residents, especially women and immigrant
families
• Made famous by Jane Addams’s account of
running a ______________ house, Twenty
Years at Hull House
Open door
policy
• U.S foreign policy toward china at the
turn of the twentieth century .
immigration
• The arrival of people wanting to settle in the
United States who are not American citizens
• Reached all time high in the mid and late 19th
century, due to eastern Europeans who
helped fuel industrial and urban growth in
America
• The United States limited this for the first time
in the 1920’s
Robber Barons
• Nickname given to the wealthiest and
most powerful industrialists of the
Gilded Age
Yellow Journalism
• Exaggerated and sensationalized journalism in the
late 19th and early 20th centuries
• Designed to persuade and influence public opinion
• Contributed to American involvement in the SpanishAmerican War by sentimenting covering the
“suffering” of the Cuban people under the Spanish
“tyranny”
• Most notably practices by the Hearst newspapers
W.E.B. DuBois
• African American scholar and political
leader most famous for his book The
Souls of Black Folk (1903) and for
founding the NAAPC in 1909
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP)
•Civil Rights organization
founded by W.E.B.
DuBois in 1909
•One of the primary
organizations – along
with the SCLC, SNCC,
and CORE – that led the
civil rights movement
Robert La Follette
• An important Progressive politician who served
as both a senator and governor of Wisconsin
• As governor he pioneered major Progressive
Era reforms, including the introduction of a
graduated income tax and the direct primary
election.
Theodore
Roosevelt
• President from 1901 (when president William
McKinley was assassinated) to 1908
• Republican
• Gained fame by leading a regiment known as the
Rough Riders in the Spanish American War
• First president to enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust
Act, earning him the nickname “Trust Buster
• Associated with the Progressive era
• Domestic agfenda known as the Square Deal
• Promoted development of the Panama Canal
• First president to pursue conservation in his policies
(he created the Forest Service and set aside land for
quite a few National Parks)
• Ran for president again in 1912 as the nominee of the
Bull Moose Party
• Distant cousin of Franklin D. Roosevelt
Square Deal
• The name for Theodore Roosevelt’s
domestic agenda proposed in the 1904
election
• Advocated this for both businesses and
workers
Roosevelt Corollary
• A foreign policy statement issued by
president Theodore Roosevelt in 1904
• An amplification of the ideas first enunciated
in the Monroe Doctrine
• Declared the United States the “policemen” of
all affairs in the western hemisphere
• Arose because of some economic difficulties
in Central and South America
Conservation
• Notion that the government should
withhold certain land from development
(either industrial or residential) for the
posterity of the nation
• Theodore Roosevelt was widely seen
as the champion, setting aside land for
national parks and creating the Forest
Service
“Trust Busters”
• Nickname given to Presidents Theodore
Roosevelt and William Howard Taft because of
their aggressive enforcement of the Sherman
Antitrust Act
Triangle
Shirtwaist
Factory Fire
• 1911 fire in a New York clothing factory
• 146 women workers were killed because locked
doors prevented escape
• Helped convince the public and Congress of the
need for reforms in working conditions and
protection of women
Susan B. Anthony
along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
led the effort to secure Women's
suffrage in the United States.
The Jungle
By Upton Sinclair
Told of horrors in the meat
packing industry
Muckrakers
• The nickname given by president
Theodore Roosevelt to a group of
journalists who worked to expose the
abuses of corporate wealth and power
in the first years of the 20th century
• The most famous of the muckrakers
was Upton Sinclair, whose novel The
Jungle led to government regulation
of the meat-packing industry
Pure Food and Drug Act
Also in 1906, Congress passed the
which halted the sale of
contaminated foods and medicines
and called for truth in labeling.
Panama Canal
• A waterway through the Latin American
nation of panama connects the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans .
• Built in the first two decades of the twentieth
century after Theodore Roosevelt negotiated .
• A hallmark achievement of expansionism.
Bull Moose Party
• Name taken by the Progressive coalition
that nominated Theodore Roosevelt for
president in 1912 after the Republican
party nominated William Howard Taft over
Roosevelt (who had served twice as a
Republican)
• Name came from Roosevelt’s selfdescription: “I am as strong as a bull
moose”
• Roosevelt and Taft divided the Republican
vote, allowing Woodrow Wilson, the
Democratic nominee, to win
Dollar diplomacy
C
• A foreign policy of President Taft (1908-1912)
whereby he encouraged American economic
expansion in Latin American and Caribbean
countries by promising and delivering military
and economic aid to keep those countries
stable and friendly to America.
William Jennings Bryan
• Ran for president unsuccessfully
three times (1886, 1900, and 1908)
• Most successful campaign was in
1896, as the candidate of the
Democratic and Populist parties
• Best known as the primary champion
of the movement for the free coinage
of silver (“Cross of Gold” speech) and
as a leading prosecutor in the Scopes
“monkey” trial of 1925
Free
Silver
• The clarion call of the Populist party, a political
movement of the 1890’s that appealed to rural voters
in the west and whites in the south
• Free silver was a call for the unlimited coinage of
American money on the silver standard
• Coinage of silver would have reduced the debts
farmers faced by causing inflation
• William Jennings Bryan was the great champion of
the free silver, making it his rallying cry in the 1896
election
Populist Party
• A third party of the 1890’s that
appealed to western farmers and
Southern whites by promoting a
platform based on the idea of free
silver
• Reached its height in the 1896
election, when it joined the
Democratic Party in nominating
William Jennings Bryan for
president
• Which is NOT an effect of the
Bessemer Press (patented
1855)?
• factories producing canned food
• more farm equipment
• changed in cities such as bridges
and skyscrapers
• electricity
• What new technology opened
lands in the west for
settlement and made farming
more prosperous?
• Steamship
• Factory
• railroad
• Ford's Model T
• Following the Civil War, the
westward movement of settlers
intensified to the region between
what two geographic areas?
• Mississippi River and Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean and Rocky Mountains
• Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains
• Many Americans took advantage of
the -----?------ to rebuild their lives
because it offered them free land in
the western territories if they
would live on and farm the land.
• Clayton Act
• Homestead Act
• Exodusters Act
• Dawes Act
• After reconstruction, many
southern state governments passed
----?---- forcing separation of the
races in public places.
• freedom rides
• equality laws
• anti-lynching laws
• Jim Crow laws
• What is an annual tax to be
paid in southern states by
anyone who voted?
• voting tax
• real estate tax
• poll tax
• personal tax
• What is the term for the group
of African Americans who
escaped the Jim Crow laws by
moving to the mid-west.?
• escaped slaves
• Exodusters
• homesteaders
• strikers
• What is the term for the movement
of African Americans to Northern
cities in search of jobs and to
escape poverty and discrimination
in the south?
• Great Migration
• Massive Exodus
• Homestead Act
• Jim Crow laws
• What is the term for a minority
group giving up their native
culture to adapt to the
dominant culture?
• melting pot
• assimilation
• adaptation
• Arbitration
• What is the west coast
immigration station called?
• Manhattan Island
• Angel Island
• Statue of Liberty
• Ellis Island
• Which two immigrant groups
helped to build the
transcontinental railroad?
• Irish and Polish
• Irish and Italian
• Chinese and Japanese
• Chinese and Irish
• What act denied people born in
China citizenship in America?
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Immigration Restriction Act
• Immigration Stoppage Act
• Asian Immigrants Act
• Which of the following is NOT a
location most immigrants to
America prior to 1880 moved
from?
• eastern Europe such as Russia
• western Europe such as Ireland
• China
• northern Europe such as Norway
• After 1880, which of the
following is NOT a location
most immigrants to America
moved from?
• South America
• Japan
• eastern Europe such as Poland
• southern Europe such as Italy
• Why did most Americans treat
immigrants with hostility?
• They lived lavishly.
• They took jobs for lower pay.
• They created tenements.
• They moved to the suburbs.
• Which is NOT a reason why
immigrants came to America?
• Land
• Jobs
• escape family ties
• freedom
• Which of the following did NOT
exist in the factories at the
turn of the century?
• unsafe working conditions
• long hours
• equal pay
• child labor
• What is the name of the multifamily dwellings with many
problems?
• Hooverville
• Tenement
• shanty
• row houses
• What is the term for mix of people
from different cultures/races who
blend together by abandoning their
native culture and language?
• community
• Assimilation
• melting pot
• arbitration
• Which of the following was
NOT an industrial city at the
turn of the century?
• Chicago, Illinois
• Pittsburg, Pennsylvania
• Winston-Salem, North Carolina
• Detroit, Michigan
• Which of the following is NOT a
reason for the economic
transformation of the industrial age
in America?
• American's possession of a wealth of
natural resources
• Government policies of capitalism and
government grants of land
• Increasing labor supply for immigration
and migration to farms
• Development of unions
• Which is NOT a correct match
between the robber baron and
his industry?
• John Rockefeller - oil industry
• JP Morgan - finance industry
• Andrew Carnegie - steel industry
• Cornelius Vanderbilt - banking
industry
• Who was the founder of the
socialist party and creator of
the American Railway Union?
• Upton Sinclair
• Samuel Gompers
• Eugene Debs
• Booker T. Washington
• Which union, created by Samuel
Gompers, supported collective
bargaining and striking?
• American Railway Union
• National Labor Union
• American Federation of Labor
• Knights of Labor
• What union replaced the National
Labor Union because it accepted all
races but failed because it did not
support striking?
• American Federation of Labor
• Knights of Labor
• American Railway Union
• Garment Workers Union
• Which of the following was
NOT a violent industrial strike?
• Haymarket Square strike
• Homestead strike
• Pullman strike
• Triangle Shirtwaist strike
• Who invented the telephone?
• Thomas Edison
• Elisha Otis
• Alexander Graham Bell
• Henry Ford
• Who invented the light bulb?
• Thomas Edison
• Henry Ford
• Elisha Otis
• Alexander Graham Bell
• The first airplane was built and
flown by the ----?-----.
• Charles Lindberg
• George United
• Henry Ford
• Wright brothers
• What form of public
transportation was built in
New York City at the turn of
the 20th century?
• cable cars
• street cars
• Subways
• electric railcars
• What is the term for workers
completing a specialized task
along a mechanized line?
• sweatshop
• work line
• tenement
• assembly line
• Who used assembly line
manufacturing in his factory?
• John Deere
• Alexander Bell
• Andrew Carnegie
• Henry Ford
• The -----?----- used
government to reform
problems created by
industrialization.
• Populist Party
• Gilded Age
• Progressive Era
• Supreme Court
• Which of the following is NOT a
progressive reform passed by state
governments?
• direct primary elections - voter chose
candidates for office
• recall - voters remove elected officials
from offices
• initiative - voters put issues on the
ballot to be voted upon
• open ballot - voters state who they
want to be elected openly
• Which of the following is NOT a
goal of the progressive movement?
• Guarantee economic opportunity
through government regulations
• Elimination of social injustices like child
labor
• Government controlled by the wealthy.
• End of political corruption and
patronage.
• What is the term for writers
who exposed the corrupt side
of business and public life?
• Muckrakers
• Columnists
• smut writers
• Plagiarists
• What industry's problems are
discussed in The Jungle?
• Tuna
• soda
• Meat
• Water
• Who was the muckraking
author of The Jungle?
• Upton Sinclair
• Ida B. Wells
• Robert La Follette
• Jacob Riis
• What act made companies list the
contents of a product and made it
illegal to make false claims about a
product's benefits?
• Meat Inspection Act
• Pure Food and Drug Act
• National Standards Act
• FDIC
• What act tried to prevent any
business structure that
"restrains trade" by creating a
trust/monopoly?
• Clayton Anti-trust Act
• Adams-Onis Act
• none of the above
• Sherman Anti-trust Act
• Local governments tried to
prevent political corruption by
using the commission and
council manager forms of
governments.
• True
• False
• What 1896 Supreme Court case
ruled that "separate but equal"
is legal?
• Marbury v. Madison
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Plessey v. Ferguson
• Roe v. Wade
• Who believed the way to
African American equality was
through vocational education?
• Frederick Douglass
• WEB DuBois
• Ida B. Wells
• Booker T. Washington
• Who helped to found the
NAACP and believed education
of African Americans was
meaningless without equality?
• Frederick Douglass
• WEB DuBois
• Ida B. Wells
• Booker T. Washington
• Which of the following people
accepted social segregation?
• Ida B. Wells
• WEB DuBois
• Jane Addams
• Booker T. Washington
• Who led an anti-lynching
crusade and called for the
federal government to take
action?
• Booker T. Washington
• WEB DuBois
• Ida B. Wells
• Frederick Douglass
• What act effectively cut off
immigration to the U.S. for
many decades?
• Chinese Exclusion Act
• Immigration Stoppage Act
• Immigration Restriction Act
• Asian Immigrants Act
• Women's suffrage was passed
due to the ---?---- Amendment.
• 16th
• 18th
• 17th
• 19th