Transcript Casey_AGRI_Conference_2010.ppt

David Casey*, Annik Mossière, Rob Williams, Nady el-Guebaly, David
Hodgins, Garry Smith, Rob Williams, Don Schopflocher, & Rob Wood
*Research Coordinator, Leisure, Lifestyle, Lifecycle Project (LLLP),
Psychology Department, University of Calgary

Background on the Leisure, Lifestyle, Lifecycle Project (LLLP)


Explain the biopsychosocial model
Describe:


Adolescent Sample
Measures

Present the results of logistic regression analysis for adolescents

Discuss the conclusions

Plans for the future:


Examining patterns of relationship over three more collection points
Changes in gambling behavior over time

Cohort longitudinal study of gambling behavior


Over 5 years, with 4 data collections
Initial sample





Most recruited through Random Digit Dialing (RDD)
Stratified by region of the province (urban & rural)
5 age groups (13-15, 18-20, 23-25, 43-45, 63-65)
Divided into at-risk gamblers & general population
Data collection at Wave 1:
 Telephone, computer-based, & face-to-face interviews

Data collection at Wave 2:
 Web-based survey

Data collection at Wave 3:
 Just wrapped-up this month using web-based survey


Data collection at Wave 4: (in 12-16 months)
Testing a biopsychosocial model of gambling
BIOLOGICAL RISK
- Neuropsychological functioning
- Frontal lobe
- Neurotransmitter
- DA (blood & saliva DNA)
- MAOI activity
- Gender
DEMOGRAPHICS
- Religion
- Age
- SES
- Family background
- Ethnicity
TEMPERAMENT/PERSONALITY
- Impulsivity
- Trait anxiety
- Moral disengagement
- Self-esteem
FAMILY HISTORY
- Social & problem gambling
- Substance use disorders
- Psychiatric disorders
- Deviance
EXTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
- Alcohol use
- Substance use
- Tobacco use
- Delinquent activity
- Sexual activity
COGNITIVE
- Intelligence
- Attentional Ability
- Gambling fallacies
- Coping Skills
FAMILY ENVIRONMENT
- Parental behavior
- Marital Status/conflict
- Abuse experiences
STRESSORS
- Physical
health/disability
- School/work
- Familial/peer
- Legal
GAMBLING INVOLVEMENT
- Frequency & Duration
- Type & Range
- Context
EXTRA FAMILIAL ENVIRONMENT
- Social Support
- Friendships/peers
- Religion/Spirituality
- Ethnicity/Culture
- Social organization
INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS
- Depression
- Anxiety
GAMBLING DISORDERS
- Frequency & Duration
- Type & Range
- Context
PREVENTION & TREATMENT
BROADER SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS
- Availability of gambling; public attitudes; prevention programs; legislative changes; gambling knowledge
Total Population Completes (N=1808)
N
%
436
315
341
402
314
24.1
17.4
18.9
22.2
17.4
837
971
46.3
53.7
754
536
224
294
41.7
29.6
12.4
16.3
Marital Status (Adults Only)
Single, Never Married
Married/Common-law
Divorced /Separated/Widowed
570
643
156
41.6
47.0
11.4
Level of Education
Less than High School
Completed High School
Some Technical/College
Completed Tech/College
Some University
University Degree
549
279
203
225
236
315
30.4
15.4
11.2
12.5
13.1
17.5
Current Employment Status
Not Currently Employed
Employed Part-Time
Employed Full-Time
746
430
631
41.3
23.8
34.9
Age
13-15 Year Olds
18-20
23-25
43-45
63-65
Gender Male
Female
Location
Calgary
Edmonton
Grande Prairie
Lethbridge

This talk will present findings from Wave 1 data only

Focus on adolescent sample

Examining relationship between gambling, family
environment, religiosity, externalizing and
internalizing problems
Non-Gambler Population
(N = 196)
Age:
Gender:
Location:
Employment:
Gambler Population
(N = 240)
Total Population
(N =436)
n
%
n
%
n
%
13 yrs
77
39.3
84
35.0
161
36.9
14yrs
71
36.2
76
31.7
147
33.7
15-16yrs
48
24.5
80
33.3
128
29.4
Male
91
46.4
144
60.0
235
53.9
Female
105
53.6
96
40.0
201
46.1
Calgary
75
38.3
102
42.5
177
40.6
Edmonton
56
28.6
75
31.3
131
30.0
Grande Prairie
24
12.2
30
12.5
54
12.4
Lethbridge
41
20.9
33
13.8
74
17.0
Not Employed
158
80.6
176
73.3
334
76.6
Part OR Full-Time
38
19.4
64
26.7
102
23.4
$0 TO $29,999
13
6.5
7
2.9
20
4.5
$30,000 TO $49,999
17
8.7
22
9.2
39
9.0
$50,000 TO $79,999
59
30.1
49
20.4
108
24.8
$80,000 OR Greater
107
54.6
162
67.5
269
61.7
Household Income:
Constructs from Figure 1
Construct
Measure
Biological Risk
Demographics
Gender
Internalizing and
Externalizing Problems
Psychopathology/Delinquent Activity/
Temperament/Personality
Child Behavior Checklist (CBC)
Alcohol, Substance & Tobacco Use
Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS)
Cognitive
Intelligence
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)
Family Environment
Abuse Experiences
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)
General Functioning/Family Support
Family Environment Scale
Social Support
Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS)
Religiosity
Rohrbaugh Jessor Religiosity Scale (RJRS)
Culture
York Ethnicity Scale
Social Organization
Buckner Neighborhood Cohesion Scale (2 questions )
Life Events
Life Events Questionnaire
Physical Health
SF-10 Health Survey
Frequency, Expenditure, Type, Range,
Context, Motivation, & Knowledge
Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI)
Attitude
Gambling Attitude Questionnaire
Problem Gambling
Fisher DSM-IV-MR-J
Extra-Familial Environment
Stressors/Life Events
Gambling Involvement
Gambling Disorders
n
%
Never Gambled or Not in Last 12 Months
237
54.4
Gambled in Last 12 Months
199
45.6
Non-Gambler or Non Problem Gambler
333
76.4
Low Risk Gambler
72
16.6
Moderate Risk / Problem Gambler
31
7.0
n
Mean $ Spent
Lottery & Raffle Tickets
120
6.25
Instant Win Tickets
25
4.64
VLTs & Casinos
6
6.06
Private Games
94
10.84
Sport Betting
41
7.71
Other
[Bingo, Horse Racing, High Risk Stocks]
18
62.22

First Step in analysis of adolescent gambling:

Univariate analysis were used to compare:
 Non-gamblers vs. Gamblers

Those significant at the univariate level were used in logistic
regression analysis

Why Logistic Regression?
 Allows categorization into groups based on predictors
 Can use continuous and categorical variables


Data was weighted based on gender, age, and
demographic location for Alberta
Bootstrap weights were used in the present analysis
 Refine the confidence interval in logistic regression
Male Adolescent
Correlations
Female Adolescent
Correlations
Total Correlations
Drug Use
.26**
.11
.17**
Alcohol Consumption
.26**
.18**
.22**
CBC:
Somatic
.16*
.14*
.12**
Thought
.10
.20**
.15*
Attention
.02
.19**
.11*
Rule Breaking
.24**
.15*
.21**
Aggressive
.14*
.07
.11*
Contact Friends
.18**
.00
.10*
Anxious
.09
.14*
.08
Religiosity
-.03
-.05
-.05
FES:
Conflict
.29**
.10
.19**
Active/Recreational
.23**
.08
.14**
Moral Religious
-.14*
-.14*
-.15**
.28**
.02
.15**
Age
Gender
-.11*
Location
.16*
.18**
.16**
Household Income
.15*
.07
.12**
Employment
.06
.08
.08
Peer Gambling
.32**
.30**
.31**
Sibling Gambling
-.09
.09
.01
WASI IQ Score
.00
.17**
.09*
** . Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)
Male
Adolescents
Female
Adolescents
Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR)
(95% Confidence Intervals)
Non-Gambler
(N = 95)
Gambler
(N = 108)
Non-Gambler
(N = 143)
Gambler
(N = 91)
Male
OR
p-value
Female
OR
p-value
Religiosity
11.99
11.34
13.68
13.05
1.08
(0.98,1.18)
.055
1.09
(0.97,1.21)
.013
FES - Conflict
2.11
3.47
2.51
3.11
1.27
(1.01,1.61)
.003
Active
5.75
6.71
6.33
6.64
1.52
(1.15,2.02)
.000
1.22
(0.90,1.57)
.043
Moral
4.78
3.96
4.86
4.24
.78
(0.61,1.00)
.020
.78
(0.57,1.04)
.005
Peer Gambling
2.24
9.93
1.19
4.18
1.05
(1.01,1.10)
.010
Age
13.74
14.21
13.89
13.97
1.53
(0.89,2.62)
.051
Drug Use
.02%
.15%
.09%
.16&
.18
(0.03,1.19)
.044
Male
Adolescents
Female
Adolescents
Adjusted Odds Ratio (OR)
(95% Confidence Intervals)
NonGambler
(N = 95)
Gambler
(N = 108)
Non-Gambler
(N = 143)
Gambler
(N = 91)
Female
OR
pvalue
4.20
4.32
3.82
4.79
1.26 (0.94,1.64)
.012
Thought
3.54
4.27
3.61
5.49
1.22 (0.98,1.41)
.006
Rule Break
3.09
4.53
2.81
3.95
1.20 (0.93,1.49)
.036
Aggressive
6.22
7.98
6.28
7.79
0.87 (0.75,1.03)
.040
Religiosity
11.99
11.34
13.68
13.05
1.08 (0.98,1.18)
.055
1.09 (0.97,1.21)
.013
FES – Active
5.75
6.71
6.33
6.64
1.52 (1.15,2.02)
.000
1.22 (0.90,1.57)
.043
Moral
4.78
3.96
4.86
4.24
.78 (0.61,1.00)
.020
.78 (0.57,1.04)
.005
Location
89.9%
95.9%
93.2%
99.7%
0.04 (0.01, 0.15)
.088
Household
Income *
100341
115099
93035
118341
1.00 (1.00,1.00)
.029
WASI IQ Score
107.70
107.74
104.48
107.82
1.04 (0.99,1.08)
.014
CBC –Attention
* Household Income in Thousands, rounded to the nearest dollar
Male
OR
pvalue

Compared to non-gamblers, male gamblers were:
 Older
 Identified more conflict in their family
 Involved in more activity and recreation with their family
 More likely to have used drugs in the past 12 months
 More likely to have peers who also gambled

Compared to non-gamblers, female gamblers:
 Scored higher on attention problems, thought problems, rule-
breaking, and aggression
 Were more involved with activity and recreation with their
family
 Came from households with a higher annual income
 Scored higher on the measure of intelligence

Moral and religious beliefs were protective factors for
both adolescent males and females
 Both males and females – less likely to gamble if they identified
having strong moral and religious beliefs, either themselves or
their families
 Adolescents identified as having strong moral and religious
beliefs associate gambling with immoral behavior, and thus it
would be seen negatively, by their families and communities,
for them to partake in the activity
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
Compare findings with data collected at Waves 2, 3, & 4:

Do the results remain consistent or change?

Are there still gender differences?
Availability to consider other constructs:

Do they help distinguish between non-gamblers and
gamblers?

Examining change in gambling behavior over time:

How does the pattern change over 5 years?
 LLLP Waves 2-4: provide opportunity to examine changes in behaviors
associated with :






Gambling
Changes as they mature into young adulthood
Changes in family environment
Changes in moral and religious beliefs
Other lifestyle altercations
What changes occur once they are of legal age to gamble?
 Important to examine changes in intensity of gambling over the years, and
expenditure in relation to their psychological health
 The influence of other risky behaviors, such as the use of drugs and alcohol,
will be important to consider as these adolescents mature into adulthood

Findings highlight interesting factors related to gambling
behavior among a sample of adolescent males and females

Identifying the relationship between adolescent gambling, their peers
gambling behavior, family, religion, and alcohol and substance abuse


Agencies could use these findings to:




can offer insight into guiding treatment approaches adolescents with
gambling problems
educate the public about the dangers of gambling
creating awareness of the potential harm it can have on youth
the role that religiosity, family, peers, and substance use can play
Legislators could develop more effective laws and policies regarding
age restrictions associated with gambling, advertisement regulations,
and access to gambling
David Casey, PhD
[email protected]
University of Calgary
Psychology Department
We Would Like to Acknowledge Funding for this Study
from the Alberta Gambling Research Institute (AGRI)

Gambling in Alberta



Few studies of determinants of gambling & disordered
gambling
Interested in better understanding:




82% of adults gambled in previous year
Factors that promote responsible gambling
Factors that make some susceptible to problem gambling
Low prevalence of problem gambling requires oversampling of at-risk groups
Longitudinal study as optimal methodology

Over 5 years, with 4 data collections

Recruited through Random Digit Dialing (RDD) at 4 locations:





Start and end for data collection was staggered between sites



Calgary
Edmonton
Grande Prairie (and surrounding communities)
Lethbridge (and surrounding communities)
Start: Feb 8, 2006 to Mar 20, 2006
End: Aug 26, 2006 to Oct 21, 2006
Recruited the following:


Participants from the general population
Participants at-risk of developing gambling problems
 Based on frequency & amount of gambling

For all participants who met the criteria for age,
residence, etc., there was the following at Wave 1:

Telephone interview by subcontract
 Adult interviews (~ 45 minutes)
 Adolescent interviews (~ 30 minutes)
 Majority of demographic & gambling questions

Face-to-face interview by RA’s
 Adult interviews (~ 3 hrs)
 Adolescent interviews (~ 2 hrs)
 Parent interviews (~ 40 minutes)

Response rate <10%
 Differences for males and females

Pattern of relationship with predictor variables was different

Logistic regressions were separate for males and females
Constructs from Figure 1
Construct
Measure
Internalizing and
Externalizing Problems
Individual Risk Taking
Risk Taking
Family Environment
Parental Monitoring
Parental Monitoring (Adolescent &
Parent)
Extra-Familial
Environment
Social Support
Loneliness and Social Dissatisfaction
Scale (16 items)
Stressors/Life Events
Coping
Coping Inventory for Stressful
Situations (CISS)
Physical Health –
Eating Disorders
Eating Disorder Examination
Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0)
Physical and Mental Health
Wellness Index

Difficulty to recruit using Random Digit Dialing:




Difficulty to recruit at-risk or high-risk gamblers


Used Computer-Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI)
Call display; Blocking; “Do not call” lists
Saturation of the saturation
Supplemental recruitment techniques N=30 only!
 Media release; Ads in local papers; Posters in casinos; “Snowball” e-mail
Telephone to face-to-face interview loss:


Some did not feel $75 was enough incentive
Booming economy vs. recession
 Ability to look at changes in patterns of gambling behavior over time

3 more data collections:

Wave 2 completed from Nov. 2007 to Jun. 2008

Wave 3 started in Jul. 2009 to April 2010

Wave 4 will begin in the Winter of 2010

Wave 2 to 4 participants will complete web-based surveys

Gambling behavior will be tracked over all 5 years

Constructs associated with biological, psychological, & social
factors will also be tracked