Transcript 원가계산준칙
Introduction to Cost Terms Examples of Managers’ Decision Making How much should we spend for R&D ? What is the effect of product design changes on manufacturing costs ? Should we replace some production assembly workers with a robots ? Should we spend more of the marketing budget on sales promotion coupons and less on advertising ? Should we distribute from a central warehouse or from a regional warehouse ? 2 Cost A resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective. Monetary amounts that must be paid to acquire goods and services. Inflow vs. Outflow Perspectives 3 Cost Objects Anything for which a separate measurement of costs is desired. Examples of Cost Objects Product Service Project Customer Brand Category Activity Department Program 4 Cost Accumulation and Cost Assignment Cost Accumulation Cost Tracing Cost Assignment Cost Allocation 5 Cost Tracing and Cost Allocation Cost Assignment Direct Costs Indirect Costs Cost Tracing Cost Allocation Cost Object Cost tracing is the assigning direct costs to the chosen cost object. Cost allocation is the assigning indirect costs to the chosen cost object. 6 Direct Costs/Indirect Costs Direct Cost Direct Cost Cost Tracing Cost Object A Indirect Cost Indirect Cost Cost Allocation Cost Object B Factors Affecting Direct/ Indirect Cost Classification The materiality of the cost in question Available information-gathering technology Design of operations Contractual arrangements 9 The direct/indirect classification depends on the choice of the cost object. 주조부문 선반부문 제품 A B C 특수선반작업 ☞ 공장장의 급여 ☞ 주조부문 관리자의 급여 ☞ 선반부문 특수선반작업자의 임금 Cost Driver A cost driver is any factor that affects total costs Changes in a particular cost driver do not automatically lead to changes in overall costs 11 Cost Behavior Patterns Cost behavior, or how costs behave in response to changes in production volume(a cost driver), is a concern for decision makers in almost all industries Variable Cost, Fixed Cost Variable Cost Cost that changes in total in proportion to changes in a cost driver Fixed Cost Cost that does not changes in total despite changes in a cost driver 14 Jim & Barry’s Ice Cream Company Quarterly Production (Gallons) 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 Total Gas & Maintenance Costs $15,360 19,200 23,040 26,880 30,720 Cost per Gallon $0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 0.0384 Quarterly Variable Costs(VC) in dollars Graphic Representation of Variable Costs(Total Cost) $40,000 VC = $0.0384 * Q 30,000 $30,720 $26,880 20,000 $23,040 $19,200 $15,360 10,000 Slope = 0.0384 0 200 400 600 Quarterly Production (Q) in thousands of gallons 800 1,000 Quarterly Variable Costs per Gallon (VC/Q) Graphic Representation of Variable Costs(Unit Cost) VC/Q = $0.0384 per gallon $0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0 200 400 600 800 Quarterly Production (Q) in thousands of gallons 1,000 Jim & Barry’s Ice Cream Company Quarterly Production (Gallons) 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 Total Rental Costs Cost per Gallon $10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 $0.0250 0.0200 0.0167 0.0143 0.0125 Quarterly Fixed Costs (FC) Graphic Representation of Fixed Costs(Total Cost) $20,000 15,000 FC = $10,000 10,000 5,000 0 0 200 400 600 800 Quarterly Production (Q) in thousands of gallons 1000 Quarterly Fixed Costs per Gallon (FC/Q) Graphic Representation of Fixed Costs(Unit Cost) $0.0250 $0.0250 0.0200 0.0167 0.0143 0.0125 0.0200 0.0150 0.0100 0.0050 0 0 200 400 600 800 Quarterly Production (Q) in thousands of gallons 1000 Mixed Cost (Semivariable Cost) Costs comprised of both fixed and variable cost components 21 Jim & Barry’s Ice Cream Company Variable Quarterly Fixed Total Cost Production Cost Cost (Gallons) Component Component 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 $10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 $15,360 19,200 23,040 26,880 30,720 $25,360 29,200 33,040 36,880 40,720 Cost per Gallon $0.0634 0.0584 0.0551 0.0527 0.0509 Graphic Representation of Mixed Costs(Total Cost) C = $10,000+($0.0384 * Q) Quarterly Costs (C) $50,000 $40,720 $36,880 $33,040 $29,200 $25,360 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 Variable cost Slope = $0.0384 Fixed cost 0 200 400 600 Quarterly Production (Q) in thousands of gallons 800 1,000 Financial Statements and Cost Terminology Capitalized costs are first recorded as an asset(capitalized) when they are incurred. These costs are written off to those periods assumed to benefit from their incurrence. Noncapitalized costs are recorded as expense of the accounting period when they are incurred. 24 Service-sector Companies Costs Balance Sheet Income Statement Revenue deduct Capitalized Costs Noncapitalized Costs Assets Periods Expensing of Capitalized Costs Costs Expensed as Incurred equals Operating Income Merchandising-sector Companies Costs Balance Sheet Income Statement Revenue Capitalized Inventoriable Merchandise Purchases Costs Inventory Assets Merchandise Noncapitalized Costs deduct Costs of Goods Sold equals Gross Margin deduct Capitalized Costs Capitalized Noninventoriable Costs When sales occur Noninventory Assets Periods Expensing of Capitalized Noninventoriable Costs Costs Expensed as Incurred equals Operating Income Manufacturing-sector Companies Costs DMP Capitalized Inventoriable ODMC Costs IMC Capitalized Costs Capitalized Noninventoriable Costs Noncapitalized Costs Balance Sheet Direct Materials Inventory Work-inProcess Inventory Income Statement Revenue deduct When sales Finished occur Costs of Goods Sold Goods Inventory equals Gross Margin deduct Noninventory Assets Periods Expensing of Capitalized Noninventoriable Costs Costs Expensed as Incurred equals Operating Income Manufacturing Cost Direct material costs Direct manufacturing labor costs Indirect manufacturing costs 28 원가계산준칙 (증선위, 2000.7.22) 제4조(제조원가의 범위) ① 제조원가는 제품의 생산과 관련하여 소비된 경제적 자원의 가치만을 포함한다. ② 비정상적으로 발생한 경제적 자원의 소비는 제조원가에 포함하지 아니한다. 원가계산준칙 (증선위, 2000.7.22) 제7조(제조원가요소의 분류) ① 제조원가요소는 재료비, 노무비 및 경비로 분류하거나, 회사가 채택하고 있는 원가계산방법에 따라 직접재료비, 직접노무비 및 제조간접비 등으로 분류할 수 있다. 제조원가의 분류 직접재료비 재료비 간접재료비 직접노무비 노무비 간접노무비 경 직접경비 X 비 간접경비 직접재료비 직접노무비 제조간접비 Prime Costs / Conversion Costs Direct material costs Conversion Costs Direct manufacturing labor costs Prime Costs Indirect manufacturing costs 32 Different Product Costs for Different Purposes R&D Design Produc- Maket- Distritoin ing butoin Product Costs for F/S Product Costs for Reimbursement under Government Contracts Product Costs for Pricing and Product Emphasis Service