Transcript 基准和额外性 Baselines and additionality CDM能力建设项目培训讲义 中国

基准和额外性
Baselines and additionality
中国CDM能力建设项目培训讲义
Training Material
Building Capacity for the CDM in China
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基准线情景 ：The baseline scenario
 基准线（基准线情景）：Baseline （baseline scenario )
对没有CDM项目活动的情况下，对GHG排放趋势情况的预测
Scenario forecasted to show the trend of anthropogenic GHG emissions
that would occur in the absence of the proposed CDM project.
 项目情景：Project scenario
对有CDM项目活动的情况下，对GHG排放趋势情景的预测
Scenario forecast to show the trend of anthropogenic GHG emissions
that would occur with the proposed CDM project intervention.
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基准线：Baseline
 CDM项目活动的基准线是一种假设情况合理代表在不开展拟议项
目活动的情况下的温室气体人为源排放量。基准线应涵盖项目内
附件A 所列所有气体部门和源类别的排放量
The baseline for a CDM project activity is the scenario that reasonably represents the
anthropogenic emissions by sources of greenhouse gases that would occur in the absence of
the proposed project activity. A baseline shall cover emissions from all gases, sectors and
source categories listed in Annex A within the project boundary.
 基准线可包含一种假设情况。这种假设情况预计未来人为源排放
量因项目东道国的具体情况将超过目前水平
The baseline may include a scenario where future anthropogenic emissions by sources are
projected to rise above current levels, due to the specific circumstances of the host Party.
CDM modalities & procedures, paragraph 44 & 46
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基准线方法：Baseline approaches (MA48)
基准线方法的选择应从下列各项中选择最适合该项目活动的方法并就
其选择说明理由
Select from among the following approaches the one deemed most appropriate for the project
activity and justify the appropriateness of your choice:
a) 现有实际排放量或历史排放量
（如使用时）
b) 在考虑到投资障碍的情况下，
一种代表有经济吸引力的技术
方案所产生的排放量
c)
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在过去五年同等社会经济环境
和技术状况下，类似项目活动
的平均排放量在同一类别位居
前20%
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a)
Existing actual or historical emissions,
as applicable;
b)
Emissions from a technology that
represents an economically attractive
course of action, taking into account
barriers to investment;
c)
The average emissions of similar
project activities undertaken in the
previous five years, in similar social,
economic, environmental and
technological circumstances, and
whose performance is among the top
20 per cent of their category.
建立基准线：Establishing a baseline
 以一个具体项目为基础
 依照所使用的已批准的或新的方法
学之要求
 以透明的和保守的方式选择进行方
法、假设条件、方法学、数据源、
关键因素及额外性，并考虑不确定
性
 考虑与项目业别有关的国家或产亚
政策和具体情况，如产亚改革行动
、当地燃料供应、动力部门扩展计
划以及其他经济条件
 如果小型CDM项目活动，应依简化
的程序建立活动，以符合简化的准
择要求
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
On a project-specific basis;

In accordance with provisions for the
use of approved and new methodologies

In a transparent and conservative
manner manner regarding the choice of
approaches, assumptions,
methodologies, parameters, data
sources, key factors and additionality,
and taking into account uncertainty;

Taking into account relevant national
and/or sector policies and
circumstances, such as sector reform
initiatives, local fuel availability, power
sector expansion plans, and the
economic situation in the project sector.

In the case of small-scale CDM project
activities which meet the criteria
specified in accordance with simplified
procedures developed for such
activities;
额外性要求：Additionality requirements
 CDM项目的温室气体减排应与减缓气候变化有关的真实的、
可测量的和长期的效益
GHG emission reductions of CDM projects shall be real, measurable, and assure longterm benefits related to the mitigation of climate change
 CDM 项目温室气体的减排放应是在没有经证明的项目活动的情况下
所产生的额外的所有排放量的减少
GHG emission reductions of CDM projects shall be additional to any that would occur in
the absence of the certified project activity.
Kyoto Protocol, Article 12/ 5(c)
 清洁发展机制项目活动应具有额外性，即温室气体人为源排放量减少
到低于不开展清洁发展机制项目活动情况下会出现的水平
A CDM project activity is additional if anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by
sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the
registered CDM project activity.
CDM modalities & procedures, paragraph 43
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额外性评估：Additionality assessment
额外性评估是说明以所使用的方法学如何展示该项目具有额外性
，并非基准线情景
Additionality assessment is an explanation of how, through the use of the methodology, it can
be demonstrated that a project activity is additional and therefore not the baseline scenario.
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a)
通过流程图或一系列问题逐渐缩
小基准情景选择的范围
b)
定性或定量的评估不同可能的基
准情景，并说明该基准情景的项
目不可能实施
c)
d)
a)
A flow-chart or series of questions that
lead to a narrowing of potential baseline
options;
b)
定性或定量地评估所提议的项目
实施障碍
A qualitative or quantitative assessment
of different potential options and an
indication of why the non-project option
is more likely;
c)
展示说明该项目不是通常惯例，
例如发生的情况 <全部可能情况
的X%
A qualitative or quantitative assessment
of one or more barriers facing the
proposed project activity;
d)
(An indication that the project type is
not common practice (e.g. occurs in less
than < x % of all cases)
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额外性：引用新法规
Additionality: Introduction of new legislation
E+类：现行国家及（或）产亚政策或法规会造成法规主导市场衰退， 而使排放较大的技术比排
放较少的技术/能源的能耗更有竟争性
Type E+: Existing national and/or sectoral policies or regulations that create policy driven
market distortions which give comparative advantages to more emissions-intensive technologies
or fuels over less emissions-intensive technologies or fuels.
-只有在” E+类”的国家及（或）产亚政策或法规在COP缔结京都议定书（1997.12.11之decision
1/CP.3)前已实行者，在建立基准线清景可被纳入考虑。如“E+类”的国家及（或）产亚政策或法
规在COP缔结京都议定书后才推行者，其基准线清景应以没有此类政策或法规之假设情况为是
-Only “Type E+” national and/or sectoral policies or regulations that have been implemented
before adoption of the Kyoto Protocol by the COP (decision 1/CP.3, 11 December 1997) shall be taken into account when developing
a baseline scenario. If “Type E+” national and/or sectoral policies were implemented since the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, the
baseline scenario should refer to a hypothetical situation without the national and/or sectoral policies or regulations being in place.
E-类：现行国家及（或）产亚政策或法规，使排放较少的技术比排放较大的技术/能源的能耗更有
竟争性（如对可再生能源的公共补偿或资助方案）
Type E-: National and/or sectoral policies or regulations that give positive comparative
advantages to less emissions-intensive technologies over more emissions-intensive technologies (e.g. public subsidies to promote the
diffusion of renewable energy or to finance energy efficiency programs):
” E-类”的国家及（或）产亚政策或法规在COP缔结京都议定书（1997.12.11之decision 1/CP.3)后
才实行者，在建立基准线清景可不被纳入考虑 （即其基准线清景应以没有此类政策或法规之假
设情况为是）
Type E- national and/or sectoral policies or regulations that have been implemented since the
Adoption by the COP of the CDM M&P (decision 17/CP.7, 11 November 2001) may not be taken into account in developing a baseline
scenario (i.e. the baseline scenario should refer to a hypothetical situation without the national and/or sectoral policies or regulations
being in place).
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额外性工具：The additionality tool
 0. 对早期开始项目的考虑
0: Justify early start of the project and show that CDM was considered
 1. 与法规要求相关的基准选择
1. Baseline options related to existing laws and regulations
 2. 投资分析
2.Investment analysis:
 简单的NVP/IRR,标杆：Simple, NPV/IRR, benchmark
 比较，敏感性分析：Comparisons, sensitivity analysis
 3. 其他障碍
3: Other barriers:
 首个项目、能力、技术
Other: First of kind, capacity, technology etc..
 4. 证明项目不是常规项目：
4:Demonstarte that the project is not common practice
 5. 对注册的影响:
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5: Impact of CDM registration
额外性判断范例-步骤1 Additionality testing example -Step 1
 定义替代方法
Define alternatives:
 此项目不会成为CDM项目
The project not undertaken as CDM project
 所有其他可能的情景
All other plausible and credible scenarios
 常态情形（如使用时）
The business as usual (as applicable)
 检验法规
Check towards legislation
 若法规未实行， 则可使该项目具有额外性
If legislation is not enforced, this may cause the project to be
additional
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额外性判断范例-步骤2 -
Additionality testing example -Step 2
计算提交项目的保守内部回报率
IRR
Calculate a conservative internal rate
of return (IRR) for the proposed
project activity
 排除售出CERs的预期收入
 Excluding expected revenue from
the sale of CERs.
 包括更新非常规商业项目的所
有成本：

可能的追加投资

运行成本

维护成本
 包括所有项目活动产生的收入
：
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
销售所发的电力

由于使用自发电的成本节约、
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 Include the incremental
investment cost, the operations
and maintenance costs, and all
other costs of upgrading the BAU
scenario to the proposed project
activity.
 Also include all revenues
generated by the project activity,
including revenue from the sale of
electricity and cost savings due to
avoided electricity purchases,
额外性判断范例-步骤2 -
Additionality testing example Step 2
 确定项目的IRR是否明显
低于参照项目期望的或可
接受的IRR或与相似国家
的项目进行比较
 保守可接受的IRR的标准
 政府债券利率或其他估算
的资金成本（商业贷款利
率）
 专家对期望的IRR的意见
或项目类型的比较

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其他适用在行业或国家
的障碍.
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 Determine whether the project
IRR is significantly lower than a
conservatively (i.e. rather low)
expected and acceptable IRR for
an alternative to this project or a
comparable project type in the
relevant country.
 The conservatively acceptable IRR
can be based on:

Government bond rates or other
appropriate estimates of the costof-capital (e.g. commercial lending
rates);

Expert views on expected IRRs
for this or comparable project
types;

Other hurdle rates that can be
applied for the country or sector.
壁垒与经济决策原理（1）：
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Barriers and Economic Theory (1)
壁垒与经济决策原理（2）：Barriers and Economic Theory (2)
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投资项目经济分析：Project financial analysis
净现值（NPV）：
内部报酬率（IRR）:
B =（收入） Benefits
C = （成本）Costs
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时间价值：Time Value
 你现在可以选择：
 现在获得1000美元： A. Receive $10,000 now OR
 3年后获得1000美元：B. Receive $10,000 in three years
现在的1万元比今后的1万元价值高
10 000 now are worth more than 10 000 in the future
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未来价值：Future Value
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现值：Present Value
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净现值：Net Present Value
净现值是指在项目计算期内，按行业基准折现率或其他设定折现
率计算的各年净现金流量现值的代数和。
Net Present Value is the cumulative present value of income (positive
values) and a series of future payments (negative values) from a
series of investment cash flow using a discount rate to handle time
values of money.
i = Discount rate
CF = Cash Flow
j = the j-th period
n = the total number of the period
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净现值：Net Present Value
 当净现值为正时， NPV > 0 ：由于资本所值大于
其成本，因而增加企业的价值；
more economic attractive
 当净现值为负时， NPV < 0：由于资本成本大于其
所值，因而减少企业价值,
less economic attractive
 净现值为零时， NPV = 0：意味着投资人已经赚到
与投资风险相应的适当回报。
Balance attractive
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内部收益率：IRR
当效益和成本的现值相等时的投资的回报率
IRR is the discount rate r which makes the NPV of the investment
exactly zero.
Bt  Ct
0

t
t  0 (1  r )
n
n
n
Bt
Ct


t
t
t  0 (1  r )
t  0 (1  r )
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步骤2总结：Step 2 summary
 如果NPV/IRR 太低，无论CERs的收入如何，项目将不会被考虑
if NPV/IRR is too low, the project will not go ahead anyway, regardless of the CERs revenue or not;
 如果NPV/IRR太高，将难以解释投资障碍的问题。
if NPV/IRR is too high, the project will have difficulties in explaining the investment barrier, as it may be
argued that it would be implemented anyway, regardless of the CERs revenue.
 项目投资分析中涉及许多假设情况，DOE在审定此一问题时非常困难
it is very difficult for the DOE to check the IRR as we don't know a project developer's internal costing
approach, the way benefits are evaluated, etc. there are a lot of assumptions in such calculations, as
we're talking about future cash flows.
 指定经营实体一般采取向有关管理部门或利害相关方了解NPV/IRR是否合理
DNV bases its judgement on experiences with similar projects in the respective sector and country
context and will ask authorities or other stakeholders whether the NPV/IRR analysis in the PDD is
reasonable.
 在PDD文件中应增加对投资障碍的数量分析
Add a qualitative discussion about the NPV/IRR in your PDD to make the case of an investment
barrier.
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额外性判断范例-步骤3 -
Additionality testing example -Step 3
 壁垒评估
Barrier assessment:
 投资壁垒
Investment barriers
 技术壁垒
Technological barriers
 因流行实务造成的壁垒
Barriers due to prevailing practice
 支持壁垒的充分证据
Support barriers with sufficient evidence
 证明最终的情景无法避免此壁垒 （那就是基线!)
Show that at least one of the scenarios would not be prevented
by the barriers (that will be the baseline!)
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额外性判断范例-步骤4 -
Additionality testing example -Step 4
 惯用实务分析
Common practice analysis:
 其他活动
Other activities
 类似发生情况
Similar options occurring
 讨论说明
Discuss!
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步骤5 CDM 注册的影响：Step 5. Impact of CDM registration
 解释提出的项目被批准并注册为CDM项目后，由实施该项目的获益
将减缓经济或财务的障碍（第二步所论述的）或识别的其他障碍（第
三步所论述的）
Explain how the approval and registration of the project activity as a CDM activity, and the attendant
benefits and incentives derived from the project activity, will alleviate the economic and financial
hurdles (Step 2) or other identified barriers (Step 3) and thus enable the project activity to be undertaken.
 项目的获益可有不同的形式：
The benefits and incentives can be of various types, such as:
 温室气体的减排：Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission reductions;
 出售CERs的收入：The financial benefit of the revenue obtained by selling CERs,
 吸引其他的新的项目：Attracting new players who are not exposed to the same barriers, or
can accept a lower IRR (for instance because they have access to cheaper capital),
 吸引其他的投资方：Attracting new players who bring the capacity to implement a new
technology, and
 减少风险：Reducing inflation /exchange rate risk affecting expected revenues and
attractiveness for investors.
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