Transcript Chapter 2 Arthrology

Chapter 2
Arthrology
Section 1 Introduction
一、Definition
The bones are connected together by joints
or articulations.
二、Classification of joints
1 The synarthroses(immovable articulations）
2 The diarthroses(movable articulations)

2 The diarthroses(synovial
joints )
1) The basic structure
articular surface
articular capsule
articular(joint) cavity
2) The accessory structure
ligaments
articular disk
articular labrum
synovial fold and synovial bursa

Basic structure of synovial joint
3) The movement
a. translation(gliding movement)
b. flexion and extension
c. adduction and abduction
d. rotation: medial and lateral rotation
pronation and supination
e. circumduction
Section 2 The joints of the bones
of trunk
一、The vertebral column
1 The vertebral joints
1) The joints of the vertebral bodies
(1) The intervertebral disks:
annulus
fibrosus
and
nucleus
pulposus
(2) The anterior longitudinal ligament
(3) The posterior longitudinal ligament
2) The joints of the vertebral arches
(1) Ligamenta flava
(2) Interspinal ligament
(3) Supraspinal ligament and
ligamentum nuchae
(4) Intertransverse lig. and
zygapophyseal joint
2 The joints of the suboccipital region
The atlantooccipital joint and
atlantoaxial joint
2 The vertebral column as
a whole and its movements
1) The vertebral column as a whole
(1) Anterior aspect
(2) Dorsal aspect
(3) Lateral aspect:
cervical and lumbar curves→forward
thoracic and pelvic curves →backward
2) The movement of the vertebral column
二、The Thorax
（一） Costovertebral joint:
1 The costovertebral joints
2 The costotransverse joints
（二） Sternocostal joints
（三） The thorax ( thoracic cage) as a
whole and its movements
Section 3 The joints of the
bones of limbs
一、The joints of upper limb
(一) The joints of the girdle of upper
limb
1 The sternoclavicular joint
2 The acromioclavicular joint
3 The coracoacromial ligament
(二) The joints of free upper
limb
1 The shoulder joint
1) Composition: the head of humerus and
the glenoid cavity of the scapula
2) Features of structure:
a. glenoid cavity is shallow, head of
humerus is big
b. joint capsule is thin and loose
c. inferior part of the capsule is lack of
ligaments and muscles
3) The movement → the most movable

Shoulder joint (composition)

Shoulder joint (capsule)
2 The elbow joint
1)Composition: The humeroulnar joint,
humeroradial
joint
and
proximal
radioulnar joint.
2)Features of structure:
a.three joints were covered by one joint
capsule
b.joint capsule is thin and loose
anteriorly and posteriorly
c.joint capsule is thick and strong on
either side by collateral ligment
3)The movement → mainly for flexion and
extension

Elbow joint (composition)

Elbow joint

Elbow joint (capsule)
3 The joints between ulna and radius
include the proximal radioulnar joint,
distal radioulnar and interosseous
membrane of forearm.

Pronation
4 The joints of hand
1) The wrist joint (or the radiocarpal joint)
Composition: distal end of the radius and
the proximal articular surface of the
scaphoid,lunate and triquetral.
2) The intercarpal joints
3)The carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal
joints
4)The metacarpophalangeal and
interphalangeal joints

Wrist joint
三、The joints of lower limb
(一) The joints of the girdle of lower limb
1 The sacroiliac joint
2 The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous
ligments
3 The obturator membrane
4 The pubic symphysis
5 The pelvis ：The greater pelvis and lesser
pelvis
(二) The joints of free lower
limb
1 The hip joint
1 ） Composition: femoral head and
acetabulum
2） Features of structure:
a. acetabular labrum deeps the acetabulum
b.2/3 of the femoral head is enclosed
within the acetabulum
c.joint capsule is tight ,thick and strong
and strengthed by extracapsular ligaments
d.intracapsule ligment is ligament of head
of femur
The movement→ wide range but limited

Hip joint (composition)

Hip joint (capsule)

Hip joint (capsule)
2 The knee joint
1) Composition: distal end of the femur ,
proximal end of the tibia and the patella
2) Features of structure:
 a. joint capsule is thin and loose
 b.anteriorly , posteriorly and collaterally
the capsule are strengthed by ligments.
 c.Intraarticular
structures
have
the
cruciate ligments of knee, the menisci
and the synovial folds
3) The movement → flexion and extension

Knee (composition)

Knee ligament

Knee ligament

Knee (cruciate lig.)

Knee (meniscus)
3 The tibiofibular union
include the tibiofibular joint,
tibiofibular syndesmosis and crural
interosseous membrane.
4 The joints of foot
1) The talocrural joint(or ankle joint)
 2) The intertarsal joints
 3) The tarsometatarsal joints (or
Lisfrance’s joint)
 4) The intermetatarsal joints
 5) The metatarsophalangeal joints
6)The interphalangeal joints of foot


Ankle joint(medial view)

Ankle joint (lateral view)

Arch of foot
5 The arches of foot
Section 4 The joints of
skull
The temporomandibular joint
1 composition: head of the mandible
with the mandibular fossa and the
articular tubercle of the temporal
bone
2 The function