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Voltage Regulation
E V
reg
V
nl
rated
per unit regulation
rated
%regulation per unit 100%
ECE 441
1
Voltage Regulation (continued)
• Enl = no-load output voltage
– Measure with a voltmeter when no load is
connected to the transformer
• Vrated = voltmeter reading at the output
terminals when the transformer is
supplying the rated apparent
power
• These voltages are all either High-side or
Low-side voltages!
ECE 441
2
Voltage Regulation (continued)
• Measurements are not always easy to make,
so use the equivalent circuit.
ECE 441
3
When the breaker is open, no current flows in Req,LS ,
jXeq,LS , or ZLOAD,LS , therefore
Vout = VLS = E’LS = Enl
ECE 441
4
With rated load on the secondary, E’LS = ILSZeq,LS + VLS
ILS = rated low-side current at a specified power factor
VLS = rated low-side voltage
Zeq,LS = equivalent impedance of the transformer
referred to the low-side
ECE 441
E’LS = no-load low-side voltage
5
Example 2.7
• The equivalent low-side parameters of a
250kVA, 4160 – 480V, 60 Hz transformer
areReq,LS = 0.00920 Ω and Xeq,LS = 0.0433
Ω. The transformer is operated in the
step-down mode and is delivering rated
current at rated voltage to a 0.840 powerfactor lagging load.
• Determine
ECE 441
6
– the no-load voltage
– The actual input voltage on the highside
– The high-side current
– The input impedance
– The voltage regulation
– The voltage regulation if the power
factor of the load is 0.840 leading
– Sketch the tip-to-tail phasor diagram of
the secondary circuit for the 0.840
power factor lagging load. Show all
voltage drops. ECE 441
7
250, 000kVA
I LS
520.83 A
480V
cos 1 (0.840) 32.86 32.86(lagging )
VLS 4800V
I LS 520.83 32.86 A
ECE 441
8
Low-Side Output
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9
'
ELS
I LS Req , LS I LS jX eq , LS VLS
'
ELS
520.83 32.86(0.0092) 520.83 32.86( j 0.0433) 4800
'
ELS
4.79 32.86 22.5557.14 4800
'
ELS
4.024 j 2.599 12.235 j18.94 480 j 0
'
ELS
496.531.886V
ECE 441
10
'
HS
'
LS
E
a
E
VHS 4160
8.667
VLS
480
'
'
VT EHS
aELS
8.667(496.531.886)
VT 4303.41.886V
ECE 441
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The high-side current
I HS
I HS
I LS 520.83 32.86
a
8.667
60.09 32.86 A
The input impedance
VT
4304.41.886
Z
I HS 60.09 32.86
'
in
Z 71.6234.74
'
in
ECE 441
12
The voltage regulation
Enl Vrated 496.53 480
reg
0.0344 3.44%
Vrated
480
ECE 441
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Voltage Regulation if the power factor is 0.840 leading
I LS 520.83 32.86
.............
'
ELS
472.282.61
Enl Vrated 472.28 480
reg
0.0161 1.61%
Vrated
480
Regulation is negative because of a voltage rise in
the transformer due to resonant effects.
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14
The “tip-to-tail” phasor diagram for the 0.840 power
factor lagging load.
I LS Req , LS 520.83 32.86(0.0092) 4.79 32.86V
I LS X eq , LS 520.83 32.86( j 0.0433) 22.657.14V
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Component Phasors
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Tip-to-Tail Addition
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17