Transcript Document 7797282

Contents
• Problem Description
• Objectives
• Definitions
• Experimental Work
• Results and Discussion
• Conclusion
• Recommendation
The Problem
• Huge amounts of waste paper are produced
from schools, universities, libraries, printing
centers, ...etc.
• Large amounts of waste LDPE produced from
local industries.
• The non biodegradability of LDPE.
Objectives
• Reduce the amounts of waste paper and LDPE
which pollute the environment.
• Improve the properties of both paper and Low
Density Polyethylene such as modulus of
elasticity, ductility and others.
• Enhance the biodegradability of LDPE.
Definitions
PaperDensity
is a material
composed(LDPE)
of fibers that
• Low
Polyethylene
is ais
thermoplastic
fromthen
oil.toItcompact
is a highly
converted to made
pulp and
web,
processable
material
which
is
unreactive
at
pressed and dried.
room temperature and has low density.
Cont… (Definitions)
• Whey: is a byproduct from dairy industry such
as yoghurt and labaneh.
• Modulus of elasticity: is a measure of the
material resistance to elastic deformation.
• Ductility: is the ability of material to
withstand plastic deformation up to fracture.
Experimental Work
Experimental work
Statistical
study of waste
amount
Recycling of
paper
Using
simple techniques
Blending of paper
and LDPE
Adding
modifying agents
Testing
Tensile Density Appearance
test
Different
products
With paper as
particles
As composite
sheets
Cont… (Experimental Work)
• Tensile test:
This test was done by
using Gunt Hamberg 310
WP apparatus, which was
used to find modulus of
elasticity and ductility as
percentage of elongation.
Cont… (Experimental Work)
Density:
Was measured for the produced recycled paper
by taking a small sample and measuring its
mass to volume, this was done for three trials.
Cont… (Experimental Work)
Appearance:
Softness, shining, color and coherence were
observed for the papers produced.
Recycling Process
Collection of
Waste Paper
Paper
Pulping
Dirt Water
Waste
Water
Cleaning and
Screening
Pressing
Drying
Final
Product
Water
Results & Discussion
From the statistical study:
• 30 tons of waste paper are produced yearly
at An-Najah National University.
• One ton of waste LDPE is produced from each
30 tons raw material in the local plastic
industries.
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Recycled papers:
• The recovery of the produced recycled paper
was in the range of (77-80) wt%.
• Density of the produced paper was equal to
(277 Kg/m3).
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
• Improvement of paper’s modulus of elasticity
Recycled Paper
Pure recycled paper
Recycled paper with the
addition of whey
Modulus of
Elasticity (Mpa)
Degree of
Improvement
436
17.4%
512
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Paper and LDPE:
• Recycled paper has (436Mpa) modulus of
elasticity higher than (262Mpa) for LDPE; this
means that if these two materials mixed together,
the new product will have better characteristics,
as shown in the following figure.
Stress (Mpa)
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Pure recycled paper
Pure recycled LDPE
0
0.05
0.1
Strain
0.15
0.2
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
• Blending of paper and LDPE:
Paper as particles
As filler to LDPE, paper can be used up to
10% as weight percent as shown in the
following figure:
Modulus of Elasticity (Mpa)
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
355
350
345
340
335
330
325
320
315
310
305
0
5
10
15
% Paper
20
25
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
• The relationship between ductility and the
paper percentage is shown in the following
figure.
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Ductility
12
9
6
3
0
5
10
15
% Paper
20
25
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Paper as sheets:
• Paper and LDPE can be used as composite
sheets of multiple layers which can be used in
many important applications.
• For this case, the improvement of modulus of
elasticity doesn’t depend on the percentage of
paper only, but also on the sheets arrangement.
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Sample
Paper
(wt %)
S1
3%
S2
3.7%
S3
6%
S4
9.7%
State
Two layers pure recycled paper/three layers
recycled LDPE
One layer pure recycled paper/two layers recycled
LDPE
One layer pure recycled paper/one layer recycled
LDPE
Two layers pure recycled paper/one layer recycled
LDPE
Modulus of Elasticity
(Mpa)
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
440
420
400
380
360
340
320
S1
S2
S3
S4
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
30
Ductility
25
20
15
10
5
0
S1
S2
S3
S4
Applications
• The produced recycled paper has many types
of applications such as cartons, toilet paper,
egg cartons and boxes for packaging.
Carton
Toilet Paper
Cont… (Applications)
• Sheets of recycled paper/LDPE have a wide
range of uses such as:
Handling bags, packaging material, cartons or
boxes for transportation of goods and it could
be used as a construction material.
Related Studies
Comparison with other previous study:
Paper/LDPE composite sheets
Cardboard composite panels
Raw material Waste paper and recycled LDPE
Recycled cardboard, LDPE,
aluminum sheets
Product
Recycled
paper,
composite
sheets of the above two
materials
Composite panels
Uses and
applications
Paper: Cartons, toilet paper, egg
cartons and for packaging as
boxes.
Sheets: Handling bags, as
construction material and in
isolation systems.
Furniture manufacture, flooring,
roofing, dividing walls, and
kitchen cabinets.
Cont… (Results & Discussion)
Paper/LDPE composite sheets
Findings Paper could be used as filler to
LDPE, also they could be used
as composite sheets.
This will improve the physical
properties and increase the
biodegradability of LDPE.
Cardboard composite panels
composite cardboards overlaid
with veneers could be
considered as an alternative
raw material with accepted
properties to be used in
furniture applications
Conclusion
• About 30 tons waste office paper is produced
from An-Najah National University yearly.
• A recovery with a range of (77-80) % can be
achieved from paper recycling.
• The density of the recycled paper produced
was about (277 Kg/m3).
Cont… (Conclusion)
• Modulus
of
elasticity
has
a
17.4%
improvement, and other properties of recycled
paper can be improved by the addition of some
modifying agents such as whey.
Cont… (Conclusion)
• Paper can be used as filler to LDPE up to 10%
as weight percent.
• Composite sheets of paper and LDPE can be
used in many important applications.
Recommendation
• Starch can be used in the process of paper
recycling to increase the absorbency of paper
surface.
• The squeeze of waste fruits and vegetables
may cause gelatinization of paper, and so give
less absorbency of its surface.
Cont… (Recommendation)
• Heating of paper pulp during the recycling
process facilitate the deinking and discoloring
of paper.
• Carbonizing of waste paper can be done for
many purposes such as a source of energy or to
blend it with recycled LDPE.
Cont… (Recommendation)
• Waste paper could Also be used as thermal
isolation material.
• Small particles of waste paper can be merged
with LDPE in the extruder, but drying should
be obtained before each process.
Cont… (Recommendation)
• Biodegradation of Waste paper produces
methane gas which could be used as fuel.
• Further experiments with different values of
temperature and pressing period of composite
sheets may give wider range of better results.
Huge
amounts
of
Using
modifying
waste
agents
Non
LDPE
Huge
BiodegradBlending of
Recycling
amounts of
ability
Paper
& of
LDPE
of paper
waste
paper
LDPE
Problem
Solution
Increase
biodegradebility of
LDPE
Objectives
Propereties
improvment
Reduce
amounts of
waste