Transcript The Chemistry of Life

The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Carbohydrate Simple Sugars: Monosaccharides
Glucose
Polysaccharides are Monosaccharides Linked by Dehydration
Figure 2.8
Polysaccharides are Used for Energy Storage or Structural Support
Energy storage:
glu
glu
glu
OR
glu glu
glu glu
glu glu
glu glu glu
glu
Structural support:
glu
glu
glu
glu
glu
glu
Chitin is Made of Repeating NAG Molecules (Fungal Cell Walls))
Structural support:
NAG
NAG
NAG
NAG
NAG
NAG
Peptidoglycan/Murein is Made of NAG-NAM (Bacterial Cell Walls)
Structural support:
NAG
NAM
NAG
NAM
NAG
NAM
pentapeptide links
NAG
NAM
NAG
NAM
NAG
NAM
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Monomers of Lipids: Fatty Acids and Glycerol
are
Saturated fatty acid:
all single C-C bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid:
one or more double C=C bonds
Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.9c
Complex or Polymer Lipids
Figure 2.10a
Complex or Polymer Lipids
Ergosterol
(fungal cell membranes)
(animal cell membranes)
Cholesterol and ergosterol keep plasma
membranes fluid and flexible
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Protein Monomers: Amino Acids (Peptides)
Twenty Amino Acids Used in Polypeptides
Linking Amino Acids (Peptides)
Figure 2.14
Levels of Protein Structure
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Disulfide bonds
Ionic bonds
Non -polar interactions
Hydrogen bonds
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA
Monomers of Nucleic Acids
5’
1’
4’
3’ribonucleotide
2’
ribonucleotide
5’
1’
4’
3’
2’
deoxyribonucleotide
Two Kinds of Nucleic Acids: Information Storage
RNA: Single stranded
DNA: Double stranded
Uses G, C, A, U bases
Uses G, C, A, T bases
Uses ribose sugar
Uses deoxyribose sugar
The Chemistry of Life
v Elements and the Periodic Table
v Atomic Structure
v Shells, Orbitals, and the Octet Rule
v Bonding between atoms
• Covalent: non-polar and polar
• Ionic bonds
• Hydrogen bonds
v Chemical Reactions
v Acids, Bases, and pH
v Functional Groups
v Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides
v Lipids: Fatty Acids and Complex Lipids
v Proteins: Amino Acids and Polypeptides
v Nucleic Acids: Nucleotides and RNA/DNA