Transcript Document 7772622

Unit 3
Respondent Conditioning
Phylogenic Behavior
 Kinesis- relation between a stimulus and speed
of movement irrespective of direction
Wood louse
 Taxis – relation between stimulus and movement
away from the stimulus
Positive/negative phototaxis; thermotaxis
 Fixed action patters: Sequence of behavior
movements that are phylogenetic
Spider; greylag goose; squirrel
 Reaction chains: Each response requires a
stimulus to set it off
Nursing reaction
Reflexive Behavior
A reflex is an unlearned (innate, inherited,
inborn) functional relation between a
specific type of stimulus (S) and a specific
response (R)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UR)
Unconditioned Response
Reflexive Behavior
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Loud sound or touch to cornea
Eye blink (lid closes)
Tactile stimulation under lid or chemical irritant (smoke)
Lachrymal gland secretion (eyes watering)
Irritation to nasal mucosa
Sneezing
Irritation to throat
Coughing
Low temperature
Shivering, surface vasoconstriction
High temperature
Sweating, surface vasodilation
Loud sound
Contraction of tensor tympani and stapedius muscles (reduces
amplitude of ear drum)
Food or weak acid solution in mouth
Salivation
Indigestible food in stomach
Vomiting
Pain stimulus to hand or foot
Hand or food withdrawal
Stimulus that is either painful or very intense or very
unusual
Activation syndrome: heart rate increases, adrenaline secretion,
liver release of sugar into bloodstream, constriction of
visceral blood vessels, dilation of blood vessels in skeletal
muscles, galvanic skin response, pupilary dilation, etc.
Laws of Reflex
Law of threshold – there is a point in which
no response is elicited and above which a
response always occurs
Law of intensity-magnitude – as the
intensity of the US increases so does the
magnitude of the elicited UR
Law of latency – as the intensity of the US
increases, the latency to the appearance
of the elicited UR decreases
Habituation
Unconditioned stimulus repeatedly elicits
an UR and the response gradually
declines in magnitude
E.g., startle response
Respondent Conditioning
If one presents a neutral stimulus and then
a second or so later presents an
unconditioned stimulus (US) for a reflex
response, the neutral stimulus when later
presented alone may elicit a type of
response similar to the response elicited
by the US.
Respondent Conditioning
The once neutral stimulus is called
conditioned stimulus (CS)
The response elicited by the US is called
an unconditioned response (UR)
The similar response elicited by the CS is
called conditioned response (CR)
Respondent Conditioning
Insulin production
1. Sugar insulin production
2. Sweet taste + Sugar insulin production
3. Sweet taste insulin production
Respondent Conditioning
Could you teach a rat to press a lever
using respondent conditioning?
Respondent Extinction
 Repeatedly presenting the CS in the
absence of the US
 Tone  Food
 Tone  Food
 Procedure – what you do
 Process - outcome
Spontaneous Recovery
Increase in the conditioned response after
respondent extinction has occurred.
Why does it happen?
Generalization Vs. Discrimination
Generalization occurs when organism
shows a conditioned response to values of
the CS that were never trained during
acquisition
Original CS = 375Hz
Tested 75-675 Hz
Discrimination occurs when an organism
shows a conditioned response to one
stimulus but not other similar ones
Temporal Contiguity
Delayed – CS a few seconds before US
Simultaneous – CS at same time as US
Trace – CS comes and goes off before
US
Backward – US comes and goes off
before CS
Compound Stimuli
Overshadowing – during original
conditioning
Blocking – after original conditioning
Sensory preconditioning – before original
conditioning
Conditioned Suppression
Changes in operant behavior may be due
to incompatible conditioned emotional
responses (p.69)