Transcript Document 7757849

Misc Health Charts
Extracted from Nov 22, 2000 presentation to EPA
Prepared by Arlene Brown on 24 March 2002 for DOT
Stable email [email protected]
Also see Reports page of www.thirdrunway.homestead.com and
Caution : Beware small population statistics that can mask problems
Other supporting data for health concerns
•
Studies near other airports
•
Health concerns extend beyond SeaTac area
•
Existing data indicates pollutants exceed safe levels
Other Studies Support need for Monitoring Air by Airport *
•
Boston Logan Airport (Winthrop) - Asthma and allergies statistically
significant differences 0.4, 0.8 and 1.5 miles from runway [Ref. 236]
•
Chicago O’Hare (Park Ridge) - Identifies chemicals at the fence line &
health risk contours [Ref. 238]
•
Santa Monica Municipal Airport - Increased cancer risk calculations for
known airport pollutants based on 200,000 baseline operations plus
small increases in the number of operations [Ref. 247]
•
Twin Cities Metropolitan Area Hazard Index Maps [Ref 249]
•
Sidney Cancer map [Ref. 248]
* Data in reference notebook and also available at www.areco.org/ and www.us-caw.org/ web sites
Health Concerns at National Level
“There is an epidemic of asthma in the U.S.”
E. Romana Trovato, director of the Office of Children’s Health
Protection at the Environmental Protection Agency *
•
•
•
•
Nearly 1 in 13 school-age children has asthma in the U.S.
Asthma rate doubled over the past 20 years
Asthma mortality more than doubled in past decade
Other health concerns
• 2% serious developmental disability
• 4% born with significant birth defects
*
Hileman, Bette, “Protecting a Child’s Health, Hearing Examines steps government should take to study
risks from toxic chemicals”, Chemical & Engineering News, 12 June 2000, page 31
Asthma Not Just a SeaTac Issue
•
King County so high it
noticeably increases the
whole Washington average
•
SeaTac childhood asthma
statistically significantly
higher than King County
•
Georgetown/Boeing Field
statistically significantly
higher than King County
Childhood Asthma Hospitalizations by Age Group King County, Three Year Rolling
Averages, 1987-1996 (Ref. Public Health Watch February 1998)
Children’s Asthma Varies Widely in King County
Georgetown data so high,
it’s off the chart !
•
Georgetown age 1 to 4 for
1989 to 1993 *
• Avg 831 per 100,000
• Approximately
DOUBLE King County *
•
SeaTac age 1-17 asthma
significantly increasing
compared to King County
for 1992-1998 ***
* Seattle-King County Dept. Of Health 06/97 file
n:\requests\ld_0513\Hospi3
** Public Health Data Watch February 1998
*** Seattle-King County Dept. Of Health 10/00
King County Rolling 3 Year Rolling Average for Asthma Hospital Hospitalizations **
Boeing Field Airport Health Issues
Note : Some neighborhoods impacted by both Boeing Field & Sea-Tac Airport
•
A comparison of hospitalization rates between that area (Boeing Field)
and greater Seattle-King County produced these alarming statistics:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
57% higher asthma rate
28 % higher/ pneumonia/ influenza rate
26 % higher respiratory disease rate
83% higher pregnancy complication rate
50 % higher infant mortality rate
48% higher mortality rate for all death causes
life expectancy rate of 70.4 years versus the City of Seattle’s 76.0
years
Available Data Indicates Airport Pollution Significant
•
•
•
No permanent on site air monitoring at the airport
Varied topography makes it difficult to model without monitoring data to
calibrate models
Few short term pollution studies inadequate
• Adams (June 1973) exceeded safe levels for the few toxics tested
• 750% formaldehyde
• High hydrocarbons
• 1995 McCulley, Frick & Gilman - four day study
• Several VOCs higher than WDOE ASILS
• Acetaldehyde & formaldhyde exceeded WDOE annual ASILS
• Acrolein exceeded 24-hour ASIL
• 1996 -1997 Carbon Monoxide Saturation Study - acceptable
• 1997 -1999 WA State DOE Oxides of Nitrogen & Particulates *
* Urry, Doug (U of WA) , Larson, Timothy (U of WA) , Williamson, John, Frost, Jim and Knowlton, Doug, Sea-Tac Airport
Spatial NO2 Study, WA State Dept of Ecology (draft) and Frost, Jim and Knowlton, Doug, Oxides of Nitrogen and Particulate
Monitoring Study for the SeaTac Area 1998/1999, WA State Dept of Ecology, draft 13 December 1999.
perchloroethylene
nickel
methylene chloride
mercury
manganese
lead
hydrazine
hexachlorobenzene
formaldehyde
ethylene oxide
ethylene dichloride
ethylene dibromide
1- 3 dichloropropene
coke oven emissions
chromium
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
cadmium
1- 3 butadiene
beryllium
benzene
vinyl chloride
trichloroethylene
1,1,2,3 tetrachloroethane
quinoline
propylene dichloride
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (7-PAH)
polycyclic organic matter (POM)
100
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
0-25
25-50
50-75
75-90
90-95
95-100
arsenic
acrylonitrile
acrolein
acetaldehyde
US Percentile
King County Toxics Higher than Many other U.S. Counties
King County WA 1996 Emission Densities (tons/yr/sq. mile)
EPA National Air Toxics Assessment
(extracted from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ on Sept 29, 2000)
90
(bar height drawn to midway point in range)
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Chart combines data from WA state maps of each individual chemical in EPA
NATA database that used 1996 data. Ranking is compared to all other US counties.
King County Ranked against all other US Counties *
Top 5%
•
•
•
•
Benzene
Lead
PCB’s
Trichloroethylene
Top 5-10%
•
•
•
•
•
•
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
1-3 Butadiene
Carbon tetrachloride
1- 3 Dichloropropene
Ethylene oxide
•
•
•
•
•
Formaldehyde
Methylene chloride
Nickel
Perchloroethylene
7-PAHs
* EPA National Air Toxics Assessment data extracted from http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ on Sept 29, 2000)
King, WA County Emission 1996 Densities
0-25 25-50 50-75 75-90 90-95 95-100
acetaldehyde
x
acrolein
x
acrylonitrile
x
arsenic
x
benzene
x
beryllium
x
1- 3 butadiene
x
cadmium
x
carbon tetrachloride
x
chloroform
x
chromium
x
coke oven emissions
x
1- 3 dichloropropene
x
ethylene dibromide
x
ethylene dichloride
x
ethylene oxide
x
formaldehyde
x
hexachlorobenzene
x
hydrazine
x
lead
x
manganese
x
mercury
x
methylene chloride
x
nickel
x
perchloroethylene
x
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
x
polycyclic organic matter (POM)
x
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (7-PAH)
x
propylene dichloride
x
quinoline
x
1,1,2,3 tetrachloroethane
x
trichloroethylene
x
vinyl chloride
x
National Air Toxics Assessment at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata/ (9/29/00 data)
Airports in King County: Seattle-Tacoma International, King County (Boeing), Renton
King County
ranked against
all other
US Counties
Top 5%
Benzene
Lead
PCB’s
Trichloroethylene
Top 5-10%
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
1-3 Butadiene
Carbon tetrachloride
1- 3 Dichloropropene
Ethylene oxide
Formaldehyde
Methylene chloride
Nickel
Perchloroethylene
7-PAHs
Some Airport Related Chemicals *
“Here is just a partial, astonishing list of constituent compounds: Freon 11;
Freon 12; Methyl Bromide; Dichloromethane; cis-l,2-Dichloroethylene;
1,1,1-Trichloroethane; Carbon Tetrachloride; Benzene; Trichloroethylene;
Toluene; Tetrachloroethene; Ethylbenzene; m,p-Xylene; o-Xylene; Styrene;
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene; 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene; o-Dichlorobenzene;
Formaldehyde; Acetaldehyde; Acrolein; Acetone; Propinaldehyde;
Crotonaldehyde; Isobutylaldehyde; Methyl Ethyl Ketone; Benzaldehyde;
Veraldehyde; Hexanaldehyde; Ethyl Alcohol; Acetone; Isopropyl
Alcohol;Methyl Ethyl Ketone; Butane; Isopentane; Pentane; Hexane; Butyl
Alcohol; Methyl Isobutyl Ketone; n,n-Dimethyl Acetamide; Dimethyl
Disulfide; m-Cresol; 4-Ethyl Toulene; n- Heptaldehyde; Octanal; 1,4Dioxane; Methyl Phenyl Ketone; Vinyl Acetate; Heptane; Phenol; Octane;
Anthracene; Dimethylnapthalene (isomers); Flouranthene; 1methylnaphthalene; 2-methylnaphthalene; Naphthalene; Phenanthrene;
Pyrene; Benzo(a)pyrene; 1-nitropyrene; 1,8-dinitropyrene; 1,3-Butadiene;
sulfites; nitrites; nitrogen oxide; nitrogen monoxide; nitrogen dioxide;
nitrogen trioxide; nitric acid; sulfur oxides; sulfur dioxide; sulfuric acid; urea;
ammonia; carbon monoxide;ozone; particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5); and
finally this compound; 3-nitrobenzanthrone.”
* Airports: Deadly Neighbors by Charles R. Miller at www.areco.org/ .Paper originally titled "Your Unfriendly Skies." An edited version of this paper was published in the Earth
Island Journal in Summer 1998. See also Lake Ridge Report for chemicals measured at Chicago O'Hare's fence line at links on www.areco.org/
EPA Identified Hazards *
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Acrolein - Respiratory system, Possible human carcinogen
•
Benzene - Known human carcinogen, Even worse when in the
presence of other chemicals
•
1,3-Butadiene - Cardiovascular disease, Probable human
carcinogen
•
Carbon tetrachloride – Liver, probable human carcinogen
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Formaldehyde - Respiratory, lung and nasopharyngeal cancer,
Probable human carcinogen
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Methylene Chloride - Targets liver, spleen and brain in mice,
Possible human carcinogen
* www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/hlthef/
Additional Information
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Web Links
• Feb. 1999, Dec. 1999, March 2000 SeaTac Study progress reports at
http://www.metrokc.gov/health/phnr/eapd/reports/cancer/ (staff publications
link)
• Topographical maps at www.topozone.com
• Scorecard - Pollution by zip code at www.scorecard.org
• US Emissions of 33 toxic chemicals (maps of individual states too) at
www.epa.gov/ttn/uatw/nata
• EPA Envirofacts at www.epa.gov/enviro/index_java.html (includes access to
Integrated Risk Assessment Information System (health hazards) etc.
• State specific Lung Disease Data Feb 2000 (includes asthma) at
www.lungusa.org/data
• Sites with misc. reports: www.areco.org, www.us-caw.org,
www.rcaanews.org, www.thirdrunway.homestead.com
Reference Notebook and CD (not identical)
List of references in book & on CD contains links - file name
ReferencesNov2000.doc
King County Ranking
• 1996 - Ranked Seattle 27 of 239 metropolitan areas for premature
cardiopulmonary death due to PM10. *
• SeaTac mortality rate 21% higher than King County for 1993-1997
(statistically significant) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease **
*
Deborah Sheiman Shprentz, Clean Air & Energy: Air Pollution: In Depth: Report, Breathtaking Premature Mortality Due to Particulate Air Pollution in 239 American Cities. May
1996. Mortality information available online at www.nrdc.org. (501 deaths per year, 31
per 100,000 year)
** SeaTac Study Feb. 1999 Progress Report Appendix A, Table 2
Addressing Community Health Concerns around SeaTac
Airport Progress Report on the Work Plan Proposed in
August 1998
WA State Department of Health
Seattle-King County Department of Health
26 February 1998
•
•
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•
•
Tabulated data reformatted into Bar graphs showing upper and lower
confidence intervals. The average is the middle of the dark rectangle.
The first bar is always data from the study and the second one the King
County data.
The King County data includes the unusually high Georgetown data!
Hospitalization data is based on Zip codes 98146, 98148, 98158, 98166,
98168 and 98188
Mortality (deaths) is based on SeaTac Airport Community census tracts
264-271, 273-276, 278-281,284.1, 284.2, 284.03, 285-287, 288.01 and
288.02
SeaTac Health Study 1998-2000 *
•
1st Progress report dated February 1999
• High asthma, pneumonia and influenza - 2nd Appendix A, Table 5
• High chronic obstructive pulmonary disease deaths - 2nd Appendix
A, Table 2
• High cancer deaths - Appendix A, Table 2
Progress Reports at http://www.doh.wa.gov/EHSPHL/Epidemiology/NICE/default.htm - see link for Publications
Also available through www.thirdrunway.homestead.com and www.seatacair.homestead.com
Suicide: the Best Indicator of Depression
Average is higher but just misses being statistically significant
Why is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Mortaility so high?
SeaTac
King County
Why do more people around SeaTac die of cancer?
SeaTac
King County
SeaTac
SeaTac
SeaTac
Why is the asthma so high?
Pneumonia/Influenza also Statistically Significantly Higher !
Why are more SeaTac Children Dying ?
October 2000
Seattle - King County Dept of Health Supplementary Asthma Data
for 1997-1998
Asthma Trends Increasing near Airport but not King County
SeaTac Airport Community And King County Trends in
Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Hospitalization Rates, by Age, 1992-1998
Condition
Pneumonia/
Influenza
Asthma
Trend, 1992-1998
Age group SeaTac Airport Community King County
all ages
not significant
significantly increasing
0-17
not significant
not significant
18-64
not significant
not significant
65+
not significant
significantly increasing
all ages
not significant
not significant
0-17
significantly increasing
not significant
18-64
not significant
not significant
65+
significantly decreasing
significantly decreasing
†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198
*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population
Ref. Dept of Public Health October 2000
Hospitalizations for Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Among All
Ages, 0-17, 18-64, & 65+ year olds in SeaTac Airport Community †
and King County, 1997-1998
King County
SeaTac Airport Community
95% Con f id en ce In terval
95% Con f id en ce In terval
Comparison to
King County Rates
Average
Annual
Count
Rate per
100,000*
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Average
Annual
Count
Rate per
100,000*
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Significant
Difference**
Percent
Difference
All Ages:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
368
180
194.2
146.8
178.7
131.4
211.1
163.7
4081
1797
172.1
115.4
168.0
111.6
176.4
119.4
Higher
Higher
13
27
Age 0-17:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
54
92
172.3
296.3
141.3
255.1
208.1
342.3
430
930
106.2
229.6
99.2
219.3
113.5
240.3
Higher
Higher
62
29
Age 18-64:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
97
65
116.9
77.7
101.0
64.9
134.5
92.3
1127
638
105.3
59.7
101.0
56.4
109.8
63.0
NS
Higher
11
30
Age 65+:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
218
23
1289.3
136.3
1171.1
99.9
1416.4
182.0
2524
229
1422.1
128.8
1383.2
117.2
1461.9
141.1
NS
NS
-9
6
Condition
†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198
*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population
Ref. Dept of Public Health October 2000
**Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significant
Hospitalizations for Pneumonia/Influenza and Asthma Among All
Ages, 0-17, 18-64, & 65+ year olds in SeaTac Airport Community †
and King County, 1992 - 1996
King County
SeaTac Airport Community
95% Con f id en ce In terval
95% Con f id en ce In terval
Comparison to
King County Rates
Average
Annual
Count
Rate per
100,000*
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Average
Annual
Count
Rate per
100,000*
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
Significant
Difference**
Percent
Difference
All Ages:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
316
148
177.0
116.6
167.6
107.9
188.5
125.3
3412
1502
154.9
96.0
152.4
93.8
157.4
98.2
Higher
Higher
14
21
Age 0-17:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
44
66
148.8
221.6
129.9
198.3
169.8
246.9
375
726
97.1
187.9
92.7
181.8
101.5
194.1
Higher
Higher
53
18
Age 18-64:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
98
54
120.8
66.4
110.3
58.7
132.0
74.9
1059
539
101.8
51.9
99.1
49.9
104.6
53.9
Higher
Higher
19
28
Age 65+:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
174
28
1049.2
171.4
980.7
144.5
1121.4
202.1
1978
236
1132.8
135.4
1110.6
127.8
1155.4
143.3
NS
Higher
-7
27
Condition
†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146, 98148, 98158, 98166, 98168, 98188 and 98198
*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. Population
**Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significant
Ref. Dept of Public Health 3 May 1999. Includes one zip code not in SeaTac Study report
Condition
92-96
92-96
97-98
97-98
Significant
%
Significant %
Difference Differ- Difference Differ**
ence
**
ence Trend Data 1992-1998
All Ages:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Higher
14
Higher
13
Asthma
Higher
21
Higher
27
Higher
Higher
53
18
Higher
Higher
62
29
Age 18-64:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Higher
19
NS
11
Asthma
Higher
28
Higher
30
Age 65+:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
Higher
NS
-7
27
NS
NS
-9
6
KC significantly increasing
Age 0-17:
Pneumonia/Influenza
Asthma
SeaTac significantly increasing
KC significantly increasing
Both significantly decreasing
†SeaTac Airport Community includes zip codes: 98146,98148,98158,98166,98168,98188 and 98198
*For all ages, rate is age-adjusted to 1940 U.S. population
**Lower=lower than King County rate; higher=higher than King County rate; NS=not statistically significant
1997-98 Data Sources: Hospitalization Discharge Data: Washington State Department of Health, Office of Hospital and Patient Data Systems.
Population Estimates: 1990-2002: Department of Social and Health Services, Washington State Adjusted Population Estimates, April, 1999;
Orig data Prepared by: Public Health- Seattle & King County, Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit, 10/00
Age-specific Cancer Mortality Rates, SeaTac Airport Community † and King County
1996-1998 ***
Respiratory
Cancer
Breast
Cancer
Other
Cancer
Age Group
All Cancer
25 to 44
28%
27%
41%
23%
45 to 64
65+
13%
2%
37%
-1%
23%
3%
5%
9%
***Positive percentages are % SeaTac area is higher than King County, negative means lower than King County
†SeaTac Airport Community includes census tracts 264-271,273-276,278-281,284.01,284.02,284.03,285-287,
288.01,288.02,289,290.01,290.02
Data Sources:
Death Certificate Data: Washington State Department of Health, Center for Health Statistics.
Population Estimates (note uses different population estimates than the 1999-2000 SeaTac Health Studies):
1990-2002: Department of Social and Health Services, Washington State Adjusted Population Estimates, July, 2000
Original Data Prepared by: Public Health- Seattle & King County, Epidemiology, Planning and Evaluation Unit, 1/01
Above chart by A Brown only shows differences for select cancers. No differences were statistically significant.
Large error bands for small populations may mask some issues. Rare cancers also make it difficult to