Transcript Principles of Reinforcement Why principles of reinforcement are complex

Principles of Reinforcement
Why principles of
reinforcement are complex
People react differently to the
same reinforcement.
People are unable to repeat
desirable behaviors.
People receive different reinforcers
in different situations.
Approaches to
Influencing Behavior
Positive
approach
Focuses on rewarding
appropriate behavior, which
increases the likelihood of
desirable responses occurring
in the future.
Negative
approach
Focuses on punishing
undesirable behaviors, which
should lead to future
redirection of these
inappropriate behaviors.
Approaches to
Influencing Behavior
Most coaches and instructors combine
positive and negative approaches.
Sport psychologists agree that the
predominant approach with physical
activity and sport participants should be
positive because the negative approach
often instills fear in participants.
Positive Reinforcement
1. Choose effective reinforcers
(e.g., social material, activity).
2. Timing or schedule of reinforcement.
Early learning—continuous and
immediate reinforcement desirable
Learned skill—intermittent and
immediate reinforcement desirable
3. Shape or reinforce successful
approximations of difficult behaviors.
4. Reward performance,
as well as outcome.
(continued)
5. Reward effort.
6. Reward emotional and social skill.
7. Provide knowledge of results
(feedback regarding the correctness
or incorrectness of an action).
8. Provide motivational and
instructional feedback.
Punishment
Punishment can control and
change behavior but 80 to 90% of
reinforcement should be positive.
Drawbacks of punishment
Punishment can arouse fear of failure.
Punishment can act as a reinforcer.
Punishment can hinder learning of skills.
Modifying Behavior
in Sport
Behavior modification
Systematic application of the
basic principles of reinforcement
to change behavior.
Modifying Behavior
in Sport & Rehab.
Settings
Behavior program principles
Target the behaviors; define targeted
behaviors; record behaviors; provide
meaningful feedback; state outcomes
clearly; tailor reward systems.
Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards
Intrinsic motivation: Striving inwardly to
be competent and self-determining.
Basic question: Do extrinsic rewards
undermine intrinsic motivation?
Research shows that being paid for
working on an intrinsically interesting
activity can decrease a person’s
intrinsic motivation for the activity.
Intrinsic Motivation
and Extrinsic Rewards
Cognitive Evaluation
Theory
How rewards are perceived is
critical in determining whether
intrinsic motivation increases or
decreases.
Cognitive Evaluation
Theory
Controlling aspects: Rewards that are
perceived to control a person or suggest
the person is not competent decrease
intrinsic motivation.
Informational aspects: Rewards that
increase the information aspect
and provide positive feedback
about competence increase intrinsic
motivation.
How Extrinsic Rewards
Affect Intrinsic Motivation
in Sport
Competitive success and failure:
Competitive success increases intrinsic
motivation, whereas competitive failure
tends to decrease intrinsic motivation.
Feedback: Positive feedback increases
intrinsic motivation.
Increasing Intrinsic
Motivation
Provide for successful experiences.
Give rewards contingent on
performance.
Use verbal and nonverbal praise.
Vary content and sequence
practice drills.
What types of things can
you do as an athletic
trainer that can help the
motivation of athletes in
the rehabilitation process?