Transcript – Digital System Design ECE 331

ECE 331 – Digital System Design
Electrical characteristics of logic gates,
Timing characteristics of logic gates,
and
Electrical and timing constraints in logic circuits
(Lecture #13)
The slides included herein were taken from the materials accompanying
Fundamentals of Logic Design, 6th Edition, by Roth and Kinney,
and were used with permission from Cengage Learning.
Representing Logic Values




In a real circuit, logic values must be
represented by an electrical characteristic.
In TTL and CMOS circuits, voltage levels, or
more accurately, voltage ranges are used to
represent each of the logic values.
These voltage ranges are specified in the data
sheet for each of the standard components.
They must be considered when designing (and
building) combinational logic circuits.
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Representing Logic Values
Voltage
supply voltage
VDD
Logic 1
V1,min
Undefined
V0,max
Logic 0
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ground
VSS
3
Representing Logic Values


There are 4 voltages defined for each
standard logic gate.

VOH
Output-High Voltage

VOL
Output-Low Voltage

VIH
Input-High Voltage

VIL
Input-Low Voltage
The logic values, logic 0 and logic 1, are
defined by these voltages.
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Representing Logic Values


VIL and VIH specify the voltages that define the
voltage range for logic 0 and logic 1,
respectively, at the input of the logic gate.
VOL and VOH specify the voltages that define
the voltage range for logic 0 and logic 1,
respectively, at the output of the logic gate.
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VIH
VOH
VIL
VOL
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Representing Logic Values
Voltage
supply voltage
VDD
Logic 1 (output)
VOH
Logic 1 (input)
VIH
Undefined
VIL
Logic 0 (input)
VOL
ground
VSS
Logic 0 (output)
6
Current Limits



Standard logic devices are limited by how much current
they can source and how much current they can sink.
There are 4 currents defined for each standard logic
gate.

IOH
Output-High Current
(source)

IOL
Output-Low Current
(sink)

IIH
Input-High Current
(source)

IIL
Input-Low Current
(sink)
These currents determine how many logic gates can be
interconnected.
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Logic Gate Delay



A standard logic gate does not respond to a
change in its input(s) instantaneously.
There is, instead, a finite delay between a
change in the input and a change in the output.
The propagation delay of a standard logic gate
is defined for two cases:
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
tPLH = delay for output to change from low to high

tPHL = delay for output to change from high to low
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Logic Gate Delay
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Logic Gate Delay

The gate delay (or propagation delay) is
used to determine
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
When outputs are valid

The maximum speed of a combinational
logic circuit

The maximum frequency of a sequential
logic circuit
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Standard Logic Device
74LS04 (NOT Gate)
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Standard Logic Device
74LS04 (NOT Gate)
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Standard Logic Device
74LS08 (AND Gate)
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Standard Logic Device
74LS08 (AND Gate)
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Standard Logic Device
74LS32 (OR Gate)
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Standard Logic Device
74LS32 (OR Gate)
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Noise Margin



Noise margin is a measure of the noise
immunity provided by a digital logic circuit.
Noise margin is dependent upon the
characteristic voltages specified for the
standard logic devices.
Noise margin is specified for both the logic 0
value and the logic 1 value:
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
NMH = VOH – VIH
Noise Margin High

NML = VIL – VOL
Noise Margin Low
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Noise Margin
Voltage
supply voltage
VDD
VOH
NMH
VIH
Undefined
VIL
NML
VOL
ground
VSS
18
Fan-out


Fan-out is the number of gate inputs that can be
properly driven by a single gate output

Current must flow between logic gates

Current requirements are dictated by logic gate
technology (i.e. the logic family).

Current limits fan-out
DC Fan-out is the fan-out when the output is at
steady-state.
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
Both high (1) and low (0) output states must be
considered when implementing logic circuit design

Select worst-case as limit
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Fan-out
N1
f
x
To inputs of
n other inverters
Fan-out is determined by taking the ratio of the output current (IOH, IOL)
of the driving device to the input current (IIH, IIL) of the load device(s).
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Fan-out

Low-state Fan-out =
Floor[ IOL_max (driver) / IIL_max (load) ]

High-state Fan-out =
Floor[ IOH_max (driver) / IIH_max (load) ]

Design the logic circuit based on the minimum of the
two fan-out limits.
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Fan-out

Exceeding fan-out limits leads to

Increase in output-low voltage (VOL)


Decrease in output-high voltage (VOH)


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And possibly the wrong logic state
Increase in temperature


And possibly the wrong logic state
And possible destruction of the circuit / device
Increase in propagation delay
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Effect of Fan-out on Gate Delay
V f for n = 1
VDD
V f for n = 4
Gnd
0
Time
(c) Propagation times for different values of n
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design



Devices in the same logic family have the same
electrical characteristics.
Devices in different logic families often have different
electrical characteristics.
In order to interconnect devices of different logic
families:
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
Must consider the voltage levels of the driving and
load devices.

Must consider the current sourced and sunk by the
driving and load devices, respectively.
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design


Voltage

The VOH of the driving device must be greater than
the VIH of the load device.

The VOL of the driving device must be less than the
VIL of the load device.

Must consider the noise margin
Current
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
The driving device sources current for one or more
load devices.

Must consider the fan-out limit for the driving
device.
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design
Example:
Determine the following constraints when designing
a circuit using NAND (74xx00) gates only:
1.
What is the noise margin when one 74LS00
drives another 74LS00?
2.
What is the fan-out limit for the 74LS00 when
driving one or more 74LS00 gates?
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design


From the 74LS00 data sheet:

VOH_min = 2.7 V
VOL_max = 0.4 V

VIH_min = 2.0 V
VIL_max = 0.8 V
High Noise Margin


NMH = 2.7 V – 2.0 V = 0.7 V
Low Noise Margin

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NML = 0.8 V – 0.4 V = 0.4 V
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design


From the 74LS00 data sheet:

IOH_max = - 0.4 mA
IOL_max = 8.0 mA

IIH_max = 20 mA
IIL_max = - 0.4 mA
Low-state fanout =


Floor[ 8.0 mA / 0.4 mA ] = 20
High-state fanout =

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Floor[ 0.4 mA / 20 mA ] = 20
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design
Example:
Determine the following constraints when designing
a circuit using NAND (74xx00) gates only:
1.
What is the noise margin when a 74LS00
drives a 74HC00?
2.
What is the fan-out limit for the 74LS00 when
driving one or more 74HC00 gates?
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design

From the 74LS00 data sheet:


VIH_min = 3.15 V
VIL_max = 1.35 V
High Noise Margin


VOL_max = 0.4 V
From the 74HC00 data sheet:


VOH_min = 2.7 V
NMH = 2.7 V – 3.15 V = - 0.45 V
Low Noise Margin

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NML = 1.35 V – 0.4 V = 0.95 V
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Electrical Constraints in Circuit Design

From the 74LS00 data sheet:


IIH_max = IIL_max = +/- 1 mA
Low-state fanout =


IOL_max = 8.0 mA
From the 74HC00 data sheet:


IOH_max = - 0.4 mA
Floor[ 8.0 mA / 1 mA ] = 8000
High-state fanout =

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Floor[ 0.4 mA / 1 mA ] = 400
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Timing Constraints in Circuit Design
Simple Analysis



Given: A logic circuit with multiple inputs and a
single output.
Given: A single transition on one of the inputs.
Determine: The propagation delay between the input
transition and the output transition.
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
Identify the path between the input on which the
transition occurred and the output.

Calculate the propagation delay (for the circuit) using
the gate delay for each gate in the path.

Gate delay is specified in the datasheet.
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Timing Constraints in Circuit Design
More Complex Analysis


Problem: Some circuits have more than one path
from an input to an output.
Solution:

Analyze every possible delay path
or

Use the Worst Case Analysis


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Provides a conservative specification
Often sufficient
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Timing Constraints in Circuit Design
More Complex Analysis


Problem: What if multiple inputs change at the
same time?
Solution:

Analyze all combinations of input changes for
all delay paths (to the output).
or

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Use the Worst Case Analysis
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Timing Constraints in Circuit Design
Sum of Worst Cases (SWC) Analysis

Write worst case delay next to each logic gate

Select maximum of tPLH and tPHL

Identify all input-output paths (i.e. all delay paths)

Calculate worst case delay for each path


Summarize in table
Select worst case (i.e. maximum propagation delay)
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Timing Constraints in Circuit Design
Example:
Using the Sum of Worst Cases (SWC) Analysis,
determine the maximum propagation delay for the
Exclusive-OR (XOR) Logic Circuit.
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Example:
A
74LS08
B
74F04
74LS04
74F08
tPLH (ns)
tPHL (ns)
min
typ
max
min
typ
max
0
9
15
0
10
14
2.4
3.7
6.0
1.5
3.2
5.4
0
8
18
0
10
20
74F08
2.4
3.7
6.2
2.0
3.2
5.3
74F32
2.4
3.7
6.1
1.8
3.2
5.5
74LS04
74F04
74LS08
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74F32
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Example:
A
74LS08
B
74F04
74LS04
74F08
tPD = 26.1 ns
tPLH (ns)
tPHL (ns)
min
typ
max
min
typ
max
0
9
15
0
10
14
2.4
3.7
6.0
1.5
3.2
5.4
0
8
18
0
10
20
74F08
2.4
3.7
6.2
2.0
3.2
5.3
74F32
2.4
3.7
6.1
1.8
3.2
5.5
74LS04
74F04
74LS08
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74F32
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Example:
A
74LS08
B
74F04
74LS04
74F08
tPD = 27.3 ns
tPLH (ns)
tPHL (ns)
min
typ
max
min
typ
max
0
9
15
0
10
14
2.4
3.7
6.0
1.5
3.2
5.4
0
8
18
0
10
20
74F08
2.4
3.7
6.2
2.0
3.2
5.3
74F32
2.4
3.7
6.1
1.8
3.2
5.5
74LS04
74F04
74LS08
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74F32
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Example:
A
74LS08
B
74F04
74LS04
74F08
tPD = 32.1 ns
tPLH (ns)
tPHL (ns)
min
typ
max
min
typ
max
0
9
15
0
10
14
2.4
3.7
6.0
1.5
3.2
5.4
0
8
18
0
10
20
74F08
2.4
3.7
6.2
2.0
3.2
5.3
74F32
2.4
3.7
6.1
1.8
3.2
5.5
74LS04
74F04
74LS08
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74F32
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Example:
A
74LS08
B
74F04
74LS04
74F08
tPD = 12.3 ns
tPLH (ns)
tPHL (ns)
min
typ
max
min
typ
max
0
9
15
0
10
14
2.4
3.7
6.0
1.5
3.2
5.4
0
8
18
0
10
20
74F08
2.4
3.7
6.2
2.0
3.2
5.3
74F32
2.4
3.7
6.1
1.8
3.2
5.5
74LS04
74F04
74LS08
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74F32
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Example:
Input
A (1)
A (2)
B (1)
B (2)
Output
F
F
F
F
Delay (ns)
26.1
27.3
32.1
12.3
Worst Case Propagation Delay = 32.1 ns
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Questions?
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