Transcript Lingkungan Sosial dan Budaya Dr. Vanessa Gaffar, SE.Ak, MBA Dewi Pancawati N,MM

Lingkungan Sosial dan Budaya
Dr. Vanessa Gaffar, SE.Ak, MBA
Dewi Pancawati N,MM
What is Culture?
• Lack of clear definitions !
• Definition 1: a system of values and norms that are
shared among a group of people (Hill, 2000: 79)
• Definition 2: collective programming of mind
(Hofstede, 1984: 21)
• Values and norms at what level? National,
regional, ethnic, and organizational culture
• Determinants of culture: Religion, education,
language, and philosophy (political, social, &
economic)
What is Culture?
Antropologis dan Sosiologis
“ways of living”, yg dibangun oleh sekelompok
manusia dan dialihkan dari satu generasi ke
generasi berikutnya, termasuk di dalamnya nilai,
gagasan, perilaku, dan simbol yang membentuk
manusia baik disadari maupun tidak disadari
Geert Hoftsede
Pemograman pikiran secara kolektif yang
membedakan suatu kelompok dengan kelompok
lainnya
What is Culture?
A system of
values and norms
shared among a
group of people
and, when taken
together,
constitute a
design for living
High and Low Context Cultures
High Context
1. Informasi kurang,
berdasarkan latar belakang,
asosiasi, nilai dasar.
Low Context
1. Pesan tertuang,secara
eksplisit banyak informasi
2. Berdasarkan kpd nilai,
posisi, serta tempat
seseorang berada
3. Pinjaman berdasarkan
3. Pinjaman berdasarkan atas
kelengakapan dokumen dan
“who you are”
jumlah uang yg akan
dipinjam
4. Perkataan seseorang
sifatnya tidak mengikat
5. Proses nego sebentar
4. Perkataan seseorang
sifatnya mengikat
5. Proses nego yang lama
High and Low Context Cultures
Faktor/Dimensi
Lawyers
A person’s word
High Context
Kurang penting
Tidak bisa
diharapkan, hrs ada
hitam diatas putih
Low Context
Sangat penting
Bersifat Mengikat
Tanggungjawab thd
kesalahan
Berada dlm tahap yg Berada dlm tahap yg
tinggi
dibawah
Ruang
Individualistik
Waktu
Orang bebas
bernafas
Polychronic
Negosiasi
Lama & Panjang
Cepat
Tender bersaing
Contoh Negara
Jarang
Jepang, Negara
Pada Umumnya
AS, Eropa Timur
Monochronic
Determinants of Culture
Economic
Philosophy
Education
Language
Culture:
norms and
value
systems
Religion
Political
Philosophy
Social
Structure
Social Structure
Individual
Western
Group
Mobile
Managers
Entrepreneurship
two or more individuals
with a shared sense
of identity
Group
Eastern
Identity
Non-mobile
Managers
Lifetime
Employment
Hard to
Build
Teams
Lack
of
Loyalty
Lack of
Entrepreneurship
Religion
• Shared beliefs and rituals concerned
with the realm of the sacred
• Ethical Systems:
– Moral principles or values used to guide
and shape behavior
• Shapes attitudes toward work and
entrepreneurship and can affect
the cost of doing business
Language
• Allows people to communicate
• Structures the way the world is perceived
• Directs attention to certain features of the
world rather than others
• Helps define culture
• Promotes separatist tendencies
Quick Time™a nd a Cinepa k deco mpre ssor are n eede d to s ee this picture .
Spoken Language
6%
5% 4% 3%
Other
62%
20%
Chinese
English
Hindi
Russian
Spanish
Image:www.gettyimages.com
Non-spoken Language
• Nonverbal cues:
– eyebrows
– fingers/thumbs
– hand gestures
– feet
– personal space
– body gestures
• Form a circle with
fingers to indicate
“O.K.”
• Brazil and Germany
- gesture is
obscene
• Japan - it means
“money”
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
needed to see-this
picture.
• areFrance
“zero”
or
“worthless”
Image: http://creative.gettyimages.com 803001
Dress as Non-spoken Language
• WASHINGTON, January 27, 2005 (Reuters) - VP Dick Cheney
raised eyebrows while representing the United States at a
solemn ceremony remembering the liberation of Auschwitz
• Between the somber, dark-coated leaders at the outdoor
ceremony sat Cheney, resplendent in a olive-drab parka
embroidered with his name and featuring a fur-trimmed hood,
the laced brown hiking boots, and a knit ski cap reading "Staff
2001"
• Other leaders at the event marking the 60th anniversary of the
death camp's liberation, such as French President Jacques
Chirac and Russian President Vladimir Putin, wore dark, formal
overcoats and dress shoes or boots
• "The vice president, however, was dressed in the kind of attire
one typically wears to operate a snow blower… [he] looked like
an awkward boy amid the well-dressed adults" The Washington
Post
Non-spoken Language in Business
• Nonverbal cues:
– closed doors
– office size
– conversational
distance
– gift giving:
• acceptable?
• gift or bribe?
Education
Formal education
supplements family role
in teaching values
and norms
For int’l business, it is a
determinant of national
competitive advantage
Medium to learn
language, conceptual,
and math skills
Cultural norms such as
respect, obedience, honesty
Value of personal
achievement and
competition
Focus on facts of social
and political nature
of society
Obligations of
citizenship
Culture and the Workplace
• Four dimensions include:
– Power distance
– Individualism versus collectivism
– Uncertainty avoidance
– Masculinity versus femininity
Hofstede’s Dimensions
(1 of 2)
• Power distance:
– Sejauh mana anggota menerima Distribusi kekuasaan antara
individu-individu
– Large
• karyawan percaya supervisor benar bahkan ketika mereka salah
karyawan tidak mengambil inisiatif
• Small
• Majemen participate style of management kemungkinan akan lebih
produktif
• Individualism versus collectivism:
– Collectivist cultures look after people in exchange for
loyalty
– Individualistic cultures - people look after themselves and
their families
Hofstede’s Dimensions
(2 of 2)
• Uncertainty avoidance:
– Sejauh mana anggota masyarakat merasa terancam oleh ambiguitas dan
enggan mengambil risiko
– Resiko tinggi-menghindari budaya - karyawan cenderung untuk tinggal
dengan perusahaan mereka untuk waktu yang lama
– Resiko tinggi budaya - karyawan tahan terhadap perubahan organisasi
– Rendah menghindari risiko budaya - sangat mobile
• Masculinity versus femininity:
– Masculinity:
• penekanan pada ketegasan
perolehan uang dan status
pencapaian penghargaan organisasi terlihat dan simbolis
• Femininity:
• penekanan pada hubungan orang
kepedulian terhadap orang lain
keseluruhan kualitas hidup
Culture and Ethics
• Do the “right” thing
• Thomas Donaldson’s Three Principles:
– Respect for core human values (human rights),
which determine the absolute moral threshold
for all business activities
– Respect for local tradition
– The belief that context matters when deciding
what is right and what is wrong
Culture is Dynamic
Six Rules of Thumb for
Doing Business Across Cultures
•
•
•
•
•
Persiapan
Ketenangan
Percaya akan keberhasilan
Memahami pentingnya bahasa
Menghormati perbedaan budaya
Image: http://creative.gettyimages.com/
Business Culture
An American businessman went to Taiwan to close
a deal with the president of a large paper company.
Since they were meeting for the first time, they
started out with the normal pleasantries such as
"How was your trip?" etc. It turned out the
American happened to be from Columbus, Ohio,
the home of Ohio State University. When the
president of the Taiwanese company mentioned
that his son was going to this school, the American
business person said, "Yes, it's a very good school,
let's talk business."