1. PENDAHULUAN 2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME 3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME
Download ReportTranscript 1. PENDAHULUAN 2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME 3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME
POKOK BAHASAN 1. PENDAHULUAN 2. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME 3. STRUKTUR DAN FUNGSI SEL MIKROORGANISME 4. PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME
MIKROBIOLOGI DASAR
6. BIOENERGETIKA MIKROORGANISME 7. PENGENDALIAN PERTUMBUHAN MIKROORGANISME 8. INTERAKSI DAN PENYEBARAN MIKROORGANISME 9. PERANAN MIKROORGANISME
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME
POKOK BAHASAN I.
II.
III.
PENDAHULUAN EVOLUSI DAN KERAGAMAN MIKROBA TINGKATAN TAKSONOMI IV. SISTEM KLASIFIKASI V.
KARAKTERISTIK UTAMA YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM TAKSONOMI VI. PERKIRAAN (ASSESSING) FILOGENI MIKROBA VII. DIVISI UTAMA ORGANISME VIII. BERGEY’S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY IX. GARIS BESAR FILOGENI DAN KERAGAMAN PROKARIOT X.
MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA POKOK BAHASAN A. ARCHAEA B. BACTERIA C. FUNGI D. ALGAE E. PROTOZOA F. VIRUS
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA POKOK BAHASAN 1. PENDAHULUAN 2. DISTRIBUSI 3. NILAI PENTING 4. MORFOLOGI 5. NUTRISI DAN METABOLISME
6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN 8. REPRODUKSI 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 1. PENDAHULUAN
Protozoa are a polyphyletic group of organisms Protozoa are unicellular, eucaryotic protists that are usually motile Protozoology is the study of protozoa Some protozoa are anaerobic (e.g., Trichonympha lives in the gut of termites) Most anaerobic protozoa do not have mitochondria or CYTOCHROMES, and have an INCOMPLETE TCA CYCLE
Some anaerobic protozoa contain HYDROGENOSOMES - small membrane delimited organelles containing a unique ELECTRON TRANSFER SYSTEM that uses protons as terminal electron acceptors to form molecular hydrogen
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 2. DISTSRIBUSI
Primarily in moist habitats (because they lack a cell wall), including freshwater (ponds, streams, lakes) and marine (oceans) Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter Most are free living, free-living, critical members of plankton drifting organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains Some are parasitic in plants and animals Very few are pathogens
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 3. NILAI PENTING
Serve as an important link in food chains and food webs (zooplankton)
Food chain-series of organisms, each feeding on the preceding one
Food web-complex interlocking series of food chains Important in the study of biochemistry and molecular biology because they use the same metabolic pathways as multicellular eucaryotes Causative agents of some important diseases in humans and other animals
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 4. MORFOLOGI
Protozoa have some unique features
ECTOPLASM is the gelatinous cytoplasm just inside the plasma membrane; it provides some rigidity and shape
PELLICLE beneath it consists of the plasma membrane and the structures immediately
ENDOPLASM is the more fluid cytoplasm in the interior of the cell
Some have one nucleus, some have two or more identical nuclei, and some have two distinct types of nuclei
The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes
The MICRONUCLEUS controls reproductive activities by sequestering genetic material for exchange during reproduction
VACUOLES are usually present
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES are sites of food digestion
SECRETORY VACUOLES excystation usually contain enzymes for specific functions, such as
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 5. NUTRISI
In holozoic nutrition, nutrients are acquired by PHAGOCYTOSIS; some ciliates have a specialized structure, called a CYTOSOME, for phagocytosis In SAPROZOIC NUTRITION, nutrients are acquired by PINOCYTOSIS, DIFFUSION, or CARRIER-MEDIATED TRANSPORT (facilitated diffusion or active transport)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 6. ENCYSTMENT AND EXCYSTMENT
ENCYSTATION is the development of a resting stage structure called a cyst
The cyst is a dormant form that has a wall and greatly reduced metabolic activity
Functions of cysts
Protect against adverse changes in the environment
Function as sites for nuclear reorganization and cell division Serve as a means of transfer from one host to another for parasitic species EXCYSTATION is the escape of vegetative forms, called trophozoites, from the cyst; it is usually triggered by a return to a favorable environment (e.g., such as entry into a new host for parasitic species)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 7. ORGANEL PERGERAKAN
A few protozoa are nonmotile Most use one of three major types of locomotory organelles
Pseudopodia-cytoplasmic extensions
CILIA -filamentous extensions (short)
FLAGELLA -filamentous extensions (long)
flagellum.swf
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 8. REPRODUKSI
The most common method of ASEXUAL reproduction is:
BINARY FISSION, which involves mitosis followed by cytokinesis The most common type of SEXUAL reproduction is:
conjugation, an exchange of gametic nuclei between paired protozoa of complementary mating types
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
The most accepted scheme classifies protozoa as a subkingdom of protists, containing SEVEN PHYLA ; classification is based primarily on types of nuclei, mode of reproduction, and mechanism of locomotion Recently, other schemes have been suggested
CAVALIER-SMITH has proposed elevating the protozoa to the status of a kingdom with 18 phyla
Molecular classification schemes suggest that the protozoa do not exist as an evolutionary taxon, but rather that the protozoa are polyphyletic
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA PHYLUM: 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA 2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA 3) APICOMPLEXA 4) MICROSPORA 5) ACETOSPORA 6) MYXOZOA 7) CILIOPHORA
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA This phylum includes protists with:
a single type of nucleus and flagella or pseudopodia;
they reproduce asexually and sexually
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA E. PROTOZOA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA
Subphylum MASTIGOPHORA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)
contains both phytoflagellates (chloroplast-bearing flagellates) and zooflagellates;
ZOOFLAGELLATES have the following characteristics:
Do not have chlorophyll; are holozoic or saprozoic
Asexual reproduction occurs by LONGITUDINAL BINARY FISSION ; sexual reproduction is known for a few species, and ENCYSTMENT is common
One group, the kinetoplastids, has mitochondrial DNA in a special region called the KINETOPLAST
Some are free living; some are Trichonympha ENDOSYMBIOTIC species in the intestines of termites (e.g.,
Many are important HUMAN PARASITES vaginalis, Giardia lamblia , and (e.g.,
Trypanosoma brucei
)
Trichomonas
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 1) SARCOMASTIGOPHORA (lanjutan)
Subphylum SARCODINA
contains amoeboid organisms
Found in aquatic and terrestrial habitats, where they take up nutrients by PHAGOCYTOSIS and PINOCYTOSIS
Reproduction is usually by simple ASEXUAL BINARY FISSION; some form CYSTS
Some have a loose-fitting shell called a or brackish water) TEST (e.g., foraminiferans and radiolarians, which are primarily marine amoebae; a few occur in fresh
Some are ENDOSYMBIONTS and can be either commensals or parasites; some are free-living, disease-causing amoebae
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 2) LABYRINTHOMORPHA
PROTISTS with: spindle-shaped or spherical, nonamoeboid, vegetative cells; some move by gliding motion on mucous tracks Most members are marine organisms and are either SAPROZOIC or PARASITIC on algae
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA
Often called SPOROZOANS life cycle; lack locomotory organelles, except the male gametes and the zygotes (ookinetes); because they have a spore-forming stage in their are either intra- or intercellular parasites having a characteristic structure called the APICAL COMPLEX APICAL COMPLEX - a unique arrangement of fibrils, tubules, vacuoles, and other organelles at one end of the cell
One or two polar rings at the apical end
CONOID-spirally arranged fibers adjacent to the polar rings
SUBPELLICULAR MICROTUBULES radiate from the polar rings and probably serve as support elements
RHOPTRIES extend to the plasma membrane and secrete their contents at the cell surface (probably aids in host cell penetration)
MICROPORES take in nutrients
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)
Have complex life cycles involving two different hosts (usually mammal and often a mosquito) Life cycle has both asexual and sexual phases and is characterized by an alternation of haploid and diploid generations At some point in the life cycle, they undergo schizogony, a rapid series of mitotic events producing a large number of small infective organisms through the formation of uninuclear buds Sexual reproduction involves the formation of a thick-walled oocyst after fertilization; meiosis within this structure then produces haploid infective spores
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 3) APICOMPLEXA (lanjutan)
This group includes some very important pathogens
Plasmodium-malaria
Cryptosporidium-cryptosporidiosis
Toxoplasma-toxoplasmosis
Eimeria-coccidiosis
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 4) MICROSPORA
Obligately intracellular parasites lacking mitochondria and transmitted by a RESISTANT SPORE Several economically important pathogens of insects There has been increased interest in their use as BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL Recently, five genera have been implicated in human diseases in immunosuppressed patients (e.g., AIDS patients)
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 5) ACETOSPORA
PARASITIC PROTISTS:
Spores that lack polar caps or polar filaments, parasitic in mollusks
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 6) MYXOZOA
parasitic protists with resistant spores having one to six coiled polar filaments; parasitic on freshwater and marine fish; can cause a major economic problem in cultured salmon
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 7) CILIOPHORA
The largest of the seven phyla; these organisms are distinguished by the use of cilia as locomotory organelles
Cilia arranged in longitudinal rows or spirals
Oblique stroke of cilia causes ciliates to rotate as they swim
Can move forward or backward Numerous interesting morphological characteristics are observed: slipper shaped cells, stalked cells, tentacles, and threadlike darts called toxicysts
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 9. PENGGOLONGAN PROTOZOA E. PROTOZOA 7) CILIOPHORA
Feeding behavior
Food is captured by action of cilia around the buccal cavity; food enters the cytostome and passes to phagocytic vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes, where digestion occurs
After digestion the vacuoles fuse with a special region of the pellicle, called the cytoproct, which empties the cell's waste material to the outside4. Most have two types of nuclei Micronucleus-diploid; functions in mitosis and meiosis Macronucleus-polyploid for some genes; maintains routine cellular functions Asexual reproduction is by transverse binary fission; sexual reproduction usually is by conjugation Most are free-living; some are harmless commensals; others are disease causing parasites
02. PENGGOLONGAN MIKROORGANISME X. MENGENAL LEBIH DEKAT ANGGOTA DUNIA MIKROBA 4. MORFOLOGI
9 8
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) ECTOPLASM PELLICLE ENDOPLASM MACRONUCLEUS MICRONUCLEUS CONTRACTILE VACUOLES PHAGOCYTIC VACUOLES SECRETORY VACUOLES
1 2 3 7
E. PROTOZOA
6 5
CONTRACTILE VACUOLES are osmoregulatory The MACRONUCLEUS is associated with trophic activities and regenerative processes shape for specific functions, such as excystation
4
Nuclear Division
Nuclear Division
Cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic Division)
Typically occurs simultaneously with telophase of mitosis In some algae and fungi, may be postponed or not occur at all Results in multinucleated cells called coenocytes
Cytokinesis
Schizogony
Plasmodium
, which causes malaria, reproduces asexually within red blood cells and liver cells by a special type of reproduction called
schizogony
Multiple mitoses form multinucleate
schizont
Cytokinesis occurs releasing numerous daughter cells called
merozoites
Classic fever and chills associated with release
Schizogony
Classification Eukaryotic Organisms
Trouble classifying For us: Protozoa Fungi Algea – will skip Others: Parasitic Helminths and Vectors
Protozoa
Diverse group defined by three characteristics Eukaryotic Unicellular Lack a cell wall With exception of
apicomplexans
are also motile by means of cilia, flagella, and/or pseudopodia , they Study is
protozoology; protozoologist
Distribution of Protozoa
Require moist environments because they lack a cell wall Most live worldwide in ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans; critical members of plankton – free-living, drifting organisms that form the basis of aquatic food chains Some live in moist soil, beach sand, and decaying organic matter Very few are pathogens
Morphology of Protozoa
Characterized by great morphologic diversity Some have two nuclei (
Paramecium
) Macronucleus (50n) contains many copies of genome – controls metabolism, growth, and sexual reproduction Micronucleus – involved in genetic recombination, sexual reproduction, and regeneration of macronuclei
Morphology of Protozoa
Morphology of Protozoa
Variety in number and kinds of mitochondria Some have contractile vacuoles All produce trophozoites – motile feeding stage; some produce cysts – resting stage One trophozoite forms one cyst; to allow intestinal protozoa to pass from one host to another and to survive harsh environments
Protozoan Life Cycle
Nutrition of Protozoa
Most are chemoheterotrophic Obtain nutrients by phagocytizing bacteria, decaying organic matter, other protozoa, or the tissues of host Few absorb nutrients from surrounding water Dinoflagellates and euglenoids are photoautrophic
Reproduction in Protozoa
Most reproduce asexually only (binary fission or schizogony) Few also have sexual reproduction Some become gametocytes form diploid zygote that fuse to Some utilize a process called conjugation
Conjugation in
Paramecium
Ciliates
Plasmodium – malaria Babesia – anemia Toxoplasma - toxoplasmosis
Dinoflagellates
Pfiesteria
–
(PEAS)
– neurotoxin, most potent; poison when handled can cause memory loss, confusion, headache, respiratory difficulties, skin rash, muscle cramps, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting
possible estuary-associated syndrome
Pfiesteria
Amoebae
Pseudopodia for movement Naegleria – primary amoebic meningoencephalitis Acanthamoeba spp.
– amoebic encephalitis Entamoeba histolytica – amoebic dysentery