Transcript Li5nMsXg1Lk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Li5nMsXg1Lk
Review Questions
1) Which brain imaging technique injects a substance in
order to view active areas of the brain because of
glucose or oxygen consumption?
PET Scan
2) Which brain imaging technique graphs brain waves and
is mostly used for sleep research?
EEG
3) Which brain imaging technique combines cross-sectional
x-rays to view the structure of the brain?
CT Scan
4) Too little of this neurotransmitter is associated with
Parkinson’s?
Dopamine
5) Too little of this NT is associated with anxiety disorders?
GABA
6) Too little of this NT is associated with Alzheimer’s
ACh (acetylcholine)
7) Too little of this NT is associated with depression?
Serotonin (or norephinephrine)
8) Too much of this NT is associated with schizophrenia?
Dopamine
Today’s Goal  You will be able to…

Describe the
functions of the
brain structures.
Hindbrain

Medulla: unconscious vital
functions like breathing,
circulation, etc.

Pons: sleep & dreaming,
assists in movement

Reticular Formation:
wakefulness & sleep,
alertness, filters stimuli
Hindbrain
 Cerebellum:
balance,
motor coordination
Midbrain
Integrates types of sensory info and muscle
movements
Limbic System
Thalamus:
Relays sensory info
from the body to
parts of the brain
 Amygdala:
Emotional responses,
particularly
aggression; attention
to novel stimuli

Limbic System
Hypothalamus:
Maintains homeostasis:
regulates body
temperature, hunger,
thirst, blood pressure,
hormones, etc.
Hippocampus:
Formation of memories
 Pituitary Gland:
“Master gland” – secretes
hormones

Which part of the brain?









REM sleep & dreaming, assists in movement  Pons
Relay station for sensory info  Thalamus
“On switch” for the brain, alertness & wakefulness,
attention  R.A.S.
Body temperature, hunger, thirst, glands Hypothal.
Balance and motor coordination  Cerebellum
Emotions (aggression), novel stimuli  Amygdala
“Master gland”  Pituitary gland
Unconscious essential functions such as respiration and
heart rate  Medulla
Formation of new memories  Hippocampus
Cerebrum

Cerebrum:
Surface of brain, two hemispheres, thinking &
language
Hemispheres of Cerebrum

Left Hemisphere:
Logic, language, math, details

Right Hemisphere:
Visual-spatial tasks, creativity
(art & music)

Corpus Callosum:
Thick bundle of fibers
which connects the
two hemispheres
Cerebral Cortex

Cerebral Cortex: Wrinkled, convoluted
surface – divided into four lobes
 Speaking, voluntary movement,
judgment, planning, personality
 Receives
incoming touch, pressure, and
pain sensations from the body
 Located
at the rear of the brain
 Involved in the reception and interpretation of
visual information
 Located
on the side, slightly above ears
 Involved in reception and interpretation of
auditory stimuli

Motor Cortex: Rear of frontal lobes, voluntary
movements
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain/probe-nojs.html

Somatosensory Cortex: Front of parietal lobes,
process body touch & movement sensations
Language & the Brain
 Broca’s Area:
Physical production of speech
 Broca’s Aphasia:
Inability to physically speak words
Language & the Brain
Wernicke’s Area:
Comprehension of language
 Wernicke’s Aphasia:
Inability to understand language/words
“Word salad”


http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/jill_bol
te_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.
html
Review Questions
Name the fatty substance around the axon which
speeds up the neural impulse.
Myelin
 Which neurotransmitter is responsible for memory and
movement, in which a deficiency is associated
w/Alzheimer’s?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
 The fluid-filled gap between neurons is the….?
Synapse
 When a neuron is at -70 millivolts, it is at its….
Resting potential

Which neurotransmitter reduces anxiety?
GABA
 Which nervous system is responsible for our “fight-orflight” response to stress, in which our heart rate &
respiration increase?
Sympathetic NS
 Which brain imaging technique combines crosssectional x-rays to view the structure of the brain?
CAT Scan
 Which neurotransmitter deals with movement and the
experience of pleasure or pain?
Dopamine

Which brain imaging technique involves the person lying
in a magnetic field while radio waves detect changes in
blood flow?
MRI
 Which part of the brain is responsible for physically
producing speech?
Broca’s Area
 Which brain imaging technique injects a substance in
order to view active areas of the brain because of glucose
or oxygen consumption?
PET Scan
 Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood,
concentration, appetite, and sleep?
Serotonin

Hemispheres of the Brain
Left Hemisphere: Rational, Logical
Language
 Math
 Responds to verbal
instructions
 Right side of body

Right Hemisphere: Intuitive, Artistic
Visual imagery
 Music
 Spatial abilities
 Responds to demonstrated
instructions
 Left side of the body

The Split-Brain Experiments




1960’s, Roger Sperry
Epilepsy – seizures spread to other hemisphere through
corpus callosum
In his operations, the entire corpus callosum was
severed – hemispheres completely independent of one
another
"The great pleasure and feeling
in my right brain is more than
my left brain can find the words
to tell you.“ ~Roger Sperry
The Split-Brain Experiments

Michael Gazzaniga – more
experiments
 Patients appeared normal (talk, read,
alert, etc.)

BUT…if patient held up something
like coffee cup in left hand, couldn’t
speak its name
 If object in right hand, no trouble at all

Printed word “LOUSE” visible only in
left visual field, couldn’t read  put
in right side, could read it fine
Right vision field is
connected to the left
hemisphere. Left
vision field is
connected to the
right hemisphere.
Split-Brain Operations
Only sever portion of corpus callosum
(splenium remains intact)
 Split brain patients learn very quickly how
to keep both sides in communication

The Two-Brain Myth

There is no activity to which only one hemisphere
makes a contribution.
 While they “specialize” in areas, the areas are not
completely exclusive to one hemi

Logic not completely confined to left hemisphere
 People with damage to right hemi. show more deficits in
logic than damage to left hemi.
It is impossible to educate one hemisphere at a
time.
 There is no evidence that people are purely “leftbrained” or “right-brained”
