Transcript Document 7590031

Review:
Galápagos Islands
plate motion
1
Darwin
Wolf
Galápagos Islands
Cocos Plate
Nazca Plate
Pinta
Marchesa
Genovesa
Santiago
Fernandina
Santa Cruz
San Cristobal
Isabela
Santa Fe
Floreana
Española
2
Biogeography of Hawaii
Volcano tops from Ocean Floor
Remote
Colonization Rare
Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species
Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from:
Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995. Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a
hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
3
Origin of Island Archipelago
North America
Meiji
Seamount
Aleutian Islands
Pacific Ocean
Hawaiian Emperor Bend
Kure
Midway
Layann
Necker
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
Loihi
• Hot spot moves and plate moves over hot spot
• Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside
• Current islands arose after previous islands were
already submerged
• Exceedingly limited island hopping
4
Detroit 80 Ma
Suiko 61 Ma
Nintoku 56 Ma
Koko 49 Ma
Diakakuji 47 Ma
Midway 27 Ma
Necker 10 Ma
Time/motion data adapted from:
Tarduno, et al. 2009. The bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track:
inheriting the mantle wind. Science 324: 50-53
Motion
of
hotspot
magma
plume
under
plate?
Plate motion over
fixed hotspot?
5
J. Tarduno, H.
Bunge, N. Sleep
and U. Hansen.
2009. The Bent
HawaiianEmperor
Hotspot Track:
Inheriting the
Mantle Wind.
Science 324: 5053
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Necker
7
Necker
8
Kauai
Oahu
Nihau
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
9
7.5 Million Years Ago
22
°
20
°
Gardner Pinnacles
La Perouse Pinnacles
Necker
Nihoa
18
°
160°
158°
156°
154°
10
5 Million Years Ago
22
°
Necker
Nihoa
20
°
18
°
Kauai
Kaula Nihau
160°
158°
156°
154°
11
2.5 Million Years Ago
22
°
Nihoa
Kauai
20
°
Kaula
18
°
160°
Nihau
158°
Oahu
156°
154°
12
1 Million Years Ago
22
°
Nihoa
Kauai
20
°
18
°
Oahu
Nihau
Kaula
160°
Maui
158°
156°
154°
13
0.5 Million Years Ago
22
°
Nihoa
Kauai
Kaula
Nihau
Oahu
Maui
20
°
Mahukona
18
°
160°
158°
156°
154°
14
Present
Kauai
22
°
Nihau
Kaula
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Kahoolawe
Hawaii
20
°
Loihi Seamount
18
°
160°
158°
156°
154°
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Island Development
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Island appears
Marine/shore colonized
Island colonized by plants
Terrestrial biota
establishes
Biota stabilizes
Island moves away from
hot spot
Waif founders lack
competition
Speciation: adaptive
radiation to fill empty
niches
• Endemic species evolve
• Sequence of islands
should reflect patterns of
speciation
• Endemics found on just
one island, one volcano
• Humans arrive (about 10
BC)
• Introduced exotic species
are released
• Endemics that may be
poor
competitors…extinct
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Endemic Terrestrial Species
Taxon/Character
Kauai to Hawaii
Nihoa to Kure
Insects
2,300
50
Land Snails
1,000
8
Land Birds
70
4
Ferns and Allies
120
0
Flowering Plants
850
12
16,576
8
38
1
Area (km2)
Endemics/10 km2
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Cladistic Analysis
• 1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis
– Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution
• Characters and Polarized Character States
– Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene
Sequence
– Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states
– Apomorphies-Derived character states
• Construction of Cladogram-computers!
– Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent), reversals
– Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram
– Not necessarily unique!
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How do you DO cladistics?
1. Look at a group of organisms that you think are related
2. Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group
3. Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms
4. Polarize the character states by:
• Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence)
• Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny)
• Outgroup comparison
5. Build a data matrix
6. Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived)
7. Sketch possible cladograms
8. Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram
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Asian
OG
Oahu
Kauai
Character: Apomorphic State
1 Eye size:
Large
3 Neck width:
4 Body width:
5 Body color:
6 Wing width:
7 Wing length:
8 Leg length:
9 Leg thickness:
10 Stinger length:
Maui
B
A
2 Eye color:
Hawaii
Black
Wide
Wide
Dark
Wide
Long
Long
Thick
Long
Taxon:
Kauai
C
E
D
OG
A
B
C
D
E
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
E
2
1
1
3
2
5
1
2
3
5
B
A D C
-- 2
-- 7 -- 3 -- 8
-- 5
-- 1
OG
-- 9
-- 4
-- 10
-- 6
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Area cladogram showing progression process
Asia
OG
Kauai
E
Oahu
Maui
Hawaii
B
A
D
C
autapomorphies
-- 2 black eye
-- 7 long wing -- 3 wide neck
-- 8 long leg
-- 5 dark body
-- 1 large eye
-- 9 thick leg
-- 4 wide body apomorphies
-- 6 wide wing
-- 10 long stinger
plesiomorphies
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Island-Hopping Crickets!
Island
Nihoa
Kauai
Oahu
Molokai
Maui
Lanai
Hawaii
Caconemobius
Leptogryllus
Thaumatogryllus
Prognatho
-gryllus
Trigonidium
Prolaupala
Laupala
1
2
1
2
2
1
6
0
3
7
5
7
1
5
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
16
13
0
4
0
3
0
27
34
13
30
4
27
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
7
11
1
8
1
7
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Island Hopping Crickets
Hawaii
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Oahu
Kauai
Maui
Prognathogryllus
Equivocal
mauka
puna
spadix
kohala
weli
waikemoi
kipahulu
kukui
hana
stridulans
makai
alternatus
alapa
opua
kahea
awili
oahuensis
elongatus
epimeces
hypomacron
kahili
parakahili
alatus
flavidus
hea
robustus
pihea
victoriae
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http://www.wam.umd.edu/~fergusd/Laup3.jpg
More Island Hopping Crickets
Hawaii
Island Formation
Migration
Time
Equivocal
Maui
Oahu
Kauai
Laupala
pruna
cerasina
kona
hualalai
fugax
paranigra
kohalaensis
kolea
nigra
prosea
eukolea
vespertina
pacifica
tantalus
hapapa
kokeensis
keahua
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Amazing Fruit Flies!
•
•
•
•
•
511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids
DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker
Necker has subsided and lost habitat…now n=0
All 511 endemic species are a single clade!
Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular
analysis
Drosophila sproati
http://www.msu.edu/~taylo110/DSproati.JPG
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Drosophilid Comparisons
15
16
Continental
8
9
Numbers of
mtDNA base
transitions
Purine AG
Pyrimidine CT
Outgroups
7
8
6
16
7
6
9
10
10
7
7
7
10
Hawaiian
11
11
38
16
8
14
11
13
10
D. melanogaster
D. robusta
D. melanica
D. funebris
D. pinicola
D. imigrans
D. repleta
E. crassifemur
S. exigua
D. mimica
D. sproati
Zaprionus
Chymomyza
Hirtodrosophila
Scaptodrosophila
Proper cladograms have branch length correlated to number of steps
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Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids
bostrycha
chromosomal
recticilia
changes
musaphilia
gradata
disjuncta
affinidisjuncta
planitibia
differens
hemipeza
hanaulae
oahuensis
hawaiiensis
silvestris
grimshawl
spectabilis
heteroneura
cyrtoloma
picticornis
neoperkinsi
neopicta
nigribasis
obscuripes
melanocephala
mimica
adiastola
setosimentum
peniculipedis
clavisetae
cilifera
arcuatus
longiseta
adunca
yooni cognata
tanythrix
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Drosophilid Area Cladogram
Just as observed
among crickets,
these fruit flies
radiate in ways
that correlate with
the biogeography
of the Hawaiian
Islands
Continental
Oahu
Molokai
West Maui
East Maui 1
East Maui 2
Hawaii Kona
Hawaii Hilo
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Tetragnatha
1
T. kauaiensis
4
3
5
T. pilosa
6
T. perreirai
T. tantalus
4
T. kamakou
2
T. kamakou
3
1
T. waikamoi
T. quasimodo
4
3
4
2
2
T. quasimodo
6
3
T. quasimodo
3
4
T. polychromata
3
1
1
T. quasimodo
T. restricta
6
T. macracantha
2
3
4
1
T. restricta
1
http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Blackledge/tetragnatha.JP
Spiders Spinning Southeast!
4
N
T. brevignatha
T. brevignatha
3
4
T. stelarobusta
T. pallescens
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http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.jpg
Honeycreepers
of
Hawaii
Vestiaria coccinea
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/ani5.jpg
Hemignathus virens
Telespiza cantans
http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/iiwi.jpeg
Vestiaria coccinea
Extreme isolation
limits vertebrate
fauna
No native amphibians
No native reptiles
Hemignathus parvus
http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg
http://www.oahunaturetours.com/image
s/laysanfinch.jpg
Palmeria dolei
1 mammal (bat)
1 bird established and
radiated into 33 extant
and 14 extinct species!
Oreomystis bairdi
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Honeycreeper Cladogram
9
10
15
mtDNA RFLP
6
7
7
7
11
11
8
6
19
11
11
17
8
23
11
19
29
33
26
37
Loxops caeruleirostris
Loxops coccineus
Hemignathus virens virens
Hemignathus virens wilsoni
Hemignathus virens steinegeri
Palmeria dolei
Himatione sanguinea
Vestiaria coccinea
Hemignathus parvus
Oreomystis bairdi
Telespiza cantans
Paroreomyza montana
Carpodacus mexicanus OG
Is this a phylogram, a cladogram, or an area cladogram?
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How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans
distans Kauai
wilderianus Maui
crucibracteatus Lanai
giffardianus Hawaii
hualalaiensis Hawaii
bombycinus Hawaii
adaptive radiation
The phylogram is also an area
cladogram showing the positive
correlation between evolution
and oceanic island biogeography.
Photo Source: Unknown…If yours, please send email to [email protected]
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How about Plants? Hibiscadelphus
Hibiscadelphus distans fruit
http://www.flickr.com/photos/53189052@N08/8236595322/
Could Velcro-like seeds be
a protoadaptation for
hitch-hiking via bird
feathers?
http://eol.org/data_objects/17602931
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http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg
http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.jpg
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium
Dubautia paleata
Silverswords
Kauai-11 endemic
Oahu-2 endemic
Maui Nui-7 endemic
Argyroxiphium
sandwicense
Hawaii-3 endemic
N
Plus 5 indigenous species
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/dpal_chl.jpg
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Silversword Origins
•
•
•
•
•
•
Closest relatives are California tarweeds
3,900 km open ocean crossing
Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut
Fruits do not float in sea water
Fruits too heavy to float on wind
Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird
attachment
• Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and
migrated
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http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/redrockt
arweed4.jpg
http://www.insectimages.org/images/384x256/5
459645.jpg
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
Tarweed (California USA) OG
Dubautia paleata Kauai
Dubautia waialealae Kauai
Dubautia laxa indigenous
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai
Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai
Argyroxiphium caliginis Maui
Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui
Argyroxiphium virescens Maui
Argyroxiphium sanwicense M&H
Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
36
http://www.stanford.edu/~rawlings/ke
ngif/jpeg/tarweed.jpeg
Silversword Cladogram (simplified)
Tarweed (California USA) OG
Dubautia paleata Kauai
Dubautia waialealae Kauai
Dubautia laxa indigenous
Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai
Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai
Argyroxiphium caliginis Maui
Argyroxiphium grayanum Maui
Argyroxiphium virescens Maui
Argyroxiphium sanwicense M&H
Argyroxiphium kauense Hawaii
The long distance path probably
argues for the sticky surfaces of
“tar” weeds as the protoadaptation
for hitch-hiking…on what?
37
For further reading:
http://www.sherwincarlquist.com/tarweed-silversword.html
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/fac
ulty/carr/images/ger_arb.jpg
Not all cladograms
tell the same story!
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty
/carr/images/ger_cun_cu.jpg
Geranium cuneatum
Geranium arboreum
Geranium (pandemic) OG
arboreum E. Maui subalpine
multiflorum E. Maui subalpine
cuneatum Hawaii sub-alpine
tridens E. Maui alpine
hanaense E. Maui bog
humile W. Maui bog http://www.botany.hawaii.edu
kauaiense Kauai bog /faculty/carr/images/ger_han_
cu.jpg
Geranium colonized
“late” E. Maui and
radiated and migrated,
speciating most recently
on Kauai with ecological
correlations!
38
Geranium hanaense
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/tet_hum.jpg
Tetramolopium colonized
humile E. Maui
“late” E. Maui and
capillare W. Maui
radiated and migrated
remyi W. Maui, Lanai to the other islands
rockii Molokai
sylvae Molokai, Maui
tenerrimum Oahu
arenarium E. Maui
consanguineum Hawaii
conyzoides Maui Nui, Hawaii
lepidolum E. Maui, Lanai, Oahu
Not all cladograms
tell the same story!
Tetramolopium humile
39
For Further Reading on Hawaiian Plant Origins
Baldwin B. G. and W. L. Wagner. 2010. Hawaiian angiosperm
radiations of North American origin. Ann Bot. 105(6): 849879.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2876002/
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