Transcript The Cooperative Principle 現代英語学 2011年5月27日

The Cooperative Principle
現代英語学
2011年5月27日
前提と意味論的含意


My sister is working at an ice cream
shop.
→ I have a sister.
She has arrived in Tokyo.
→ She is in Tokyo.
NEGATION TEST
H. Sacks (1992) Lectures on
Conversation. Blackwell.

A: I have a fourteen year old son.
B: Well, that’s all right.
A: I also have a dog.
B: Oh, I’m sorry.
conversational implicature
（会話の含意）

A: Can you tell me the time?
B: Well, the milkman has come.
Levinson 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge UP.
（自律的）言語学では


A: Do you have the ability to tell me the
time?
B: [語用論的に解釈される不変化詞] the
milkman came at some time prior to the
time of speaking.
語用論的には


A: Do you have the ability to tell me the
time of the present moment, as standardly
indicated on a watch, and if so please do
so tell me.
B: No I don‘t know the exact time of the
present moment, but I can provide some
information from which you may be able to
deduce the approximate time, namely the
milkman has come.
会話の含意


グライス（Paul Grice）
Grice, Paul. 1975, "Logic and
Conversation." In Peter Cole & Jerry
Morgan, eds. Syntax and Semantics, Vol
3: Speech Acts. Academic Press. pp.
41-58. Steven Davis, 1991. Pragmatics:
A Reader. Oxford University Press.に再
録
Griceのこの授業的な意義

いわないことまでなぜ伝わるのか

間接的なメッセージがなぜ伝わるのか

間接的な解釈のプロセスは
含意の利用法
一般的含意
（Generalized implicature)

意図的な含意の利用
（Particularized implicature, Flouting)

Generalized implicature




John has two PhDs.
??John has two PhDs but I don't believe this.
Nigel has fourteen children.
A: How did Harry fare in court the other day?
B: Oh he got a fine.
Alfred went to the store and bought some
whisky.
FLOUTING (Quality)
A: Teheran's in Turkey isn't it, teacher?
B: And London's in Armenia I suppose.
 Queen Victoria was made of iron.
 A: What if the USSR blockades the Gulf
and all the oil?
B: Oh come now, Britain rules the seas!

FLOUTING (Quantity)


If he does it, he does it.
Either John will come or he won't.
FLOUTING (Relation)

A: I do think Mrs Jenkins is an old
windbag, don't you?
B: Huh, lovely weather for March, isn't
it?
FLOUTING (manner)


A: Let's get the kids something.
B: Okay, but I veto ICE CREAMS.
Miss Singer sang an aria from Rigoletto.
Miss Singer produced a series of sounds
corresponding closely to the score of an aria
from Rigoletto.