Transcript 29 The Respiratory System CHAPTER

CHAPTER
29
The Respiratory
System
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29-2
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
29.1 Describe the structure and function of
each organ in the respiratory system.
29.2 Describe the events involved in the
inspiration and expiration of air.
29.3 Explain how oxygen and carbon
dioxide are transported in the blood.
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29-3
Learning Outcomes (cont.)
29.4 Compare various respiratory volumes
and tell how they are used to diagnose
respiratory problems.
29.5 Describe the causes, signs and
symptoms, and treatments of various
diseases and disorders of the
respiratory system.
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29-4
Introduction
CO2
• Function
– Move air in and out of lungs
– Delivers oxygen (O2)
O2
O2
CO2
CO2
O2
– Removes carbon dioxide (CO2)
• External respiration – in the lungs
• Internal respiration – within the
hemoglobin
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29-5
Organs of the Respiratory System
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchial tree
 Lungs
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29-6
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Nasal Cavity
– Nasal septum
– Nasal conchae
– Mucous membrane warms and moistens the
air
– Cilia eliminate particles
To Diagram
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29-7
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Paranasal Sinuses
– Air-filled spaces
within the skull
bones
– Equalize pressure
– Reduce the weight
of the skull
– Give the voice its
tone
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29-8
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Pharynx
• Larynx
– Moves air in and out of the trachea
– Produces sounds of the voice
– Cartilage and muscle
– Epiglottis
Layrnx
Reparatory
system
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29-11
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Trachea
– Tubular organ made of rings of cartilage and
smooth muscle
– Extends from the larynx to the bronchi
– Lined with cells possessing cilia
To Diagram
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29-12
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Vocal cords
– Between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid
cartilage
– Glottis~ the opening between the vocal
cords
– Upper ~ false cords
– Lower ~ true vocal cords
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29-13
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Bronchial tree – branches off the trachea
– Bronchi
• Primary or main stem
• Secondary
• Tertiary
– Bronchioles ~ branch off tertiary bronchi
To Diagram
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29-14
Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)
• Alveoli
– Thin sacs of cells surrounded by capillaries
– “Working tissue”
– Cellular respiration
• Carbon dioxide released into alveoli
• Oxygen released into the blood
To Diagram
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29-16
Lungs
• Cone-shaped organs
• Right lung – three lobes
• Left lung – two lobes
The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial
tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels.
To Diagram
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29-17
Lungs
• Pleura
– Membranes surrounding the lungs
– Parietal pleura
– Visceral pleura
– Pleural fluid
• Surfactant – keeps alveoli from collapsing
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29-18
Apply Your Knowledge
True or False ANSWER:
T The nasal conchae supports the mucus membrane and
increases the surface area in the nasal cavity.
F The larynx functions for both the respiratory and
digestive systems
pharynx
T Lower vocal cords produce sound and are the true vocal
cords.
T Surfactant keeps the alveoli from collapsing between
inspirations.
alveoli
F The bronchioles are the “working tissue” of the lungs
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29-19
The Mechanisms of Breathing
Inspiration
 The diaphragm contracts and flattens
 The intercostal muscles raise the ribs
 Air rich in O2 enters the lungs
Breathing
Diagram
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29-20
The Mechanisms of Breathing
Expiration
 The diaphragm relaxes
 The intercostal muscles lower the
ribs
 Air rich in CO2 exits the lungs
Breathing, or pulmonary ventilation, consists
of inspiration and expiration.
Breathing
Diagram
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29-22
The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.)
• Respiratory center
of the brain
– Medulla oblongata
~ rhythm and depth
of breathing
– Pons ~ rate of
breathing
• Other factors
– CO2 levels in the
blood
– pH of the blood
– Fear and pain
– Inflation reflex
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29-23
The Mechanisms of Breathing (cont.)
• Causes of altered breathing patterns
– Coughing
– Sneezing
– Laughing
– Crying
– Hiccups
– Yawning
– Speaking
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29-24
Apply Your Knowledge
Indicated whether each statement refers to (I) inhalation
or (E) exhalation:
ANSWER:
__
E The intercostal muscles lower the ribs
I The diaphragm contracts or flattens
__
I The intercostal muscles raise the ribs
__
__
E The diaphragm relaxes
I Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere
__
E Air rich in CO2 exits the lungs
__
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29-25
The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood
• Oxygen
– Oxygen binds to hemoglobin – oxyhemoglobin
– Bright red in color
• Small amount oxygen remains dissolved in
plasma
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29-26
The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon
Dioxide in the Blood (cont.)
• Carbon Dioxide
– Binds to hemoglobin ~ carboxyhemoglobin
– Most carbon dioxide goes into the plasma
– RBCs convert it to carbonic acid used to
regulate the pH of the blood
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29-27
Apply Your Knowledge
Describe what happens to carbon dioxide in
the blood.
ANSWER: Carbon dioxide can combine with
hemoglobin and form carboxyhemoglobin.
Most is converted to carbonic acid by RBCs.
Super!
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29-28
Respiratory Volumes
• Different volumes of air
move in and out of lungs
with different intensities of
breathing
• Measured to assess
health of respiratory
system
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29-29
Respiratory Volumes (cont.)
Tidal
Volume
Amount of air that moves in or
out of the lungs during a normal
breath
Inspiratory
Reserve
Volume
Amount of air that can be
forcefully inhaled following a
normal inhalation
Expiratory
Reserve
Volume
Amount of air that can be
forcefully exhaled following a
normal exhalation
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29-30
Respiratory Volumes (cont.)
Residual
Volume
Volume of air that always
remains in the lungs even after
a forceful exhalation
Vital
Capacity
Amount of air that can be
forcefully exhaled after the
deepest inhalation possible
Total Lung
Capacity
The total amount of air the lungs
can hold
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29-31
Apply Your Knowledge
Match the following:
ANSWER:
C Amount of air that moves during
___
a normal breath.
B Amount of air that always
___
remains in the lungs.
A Total amount of air the lungs
___
can hold.
D Amount of air forcefully exhaled
___
after deepest inhalation
possible.
A. Total lung
capacity
B. Residual volume
C. Tidal volume
D. Vital capacity
Good Job!
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29-32
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
Respiratory System
• Snoring
– Due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles
of the palate, tongue, and throat relax
– Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of
women over the age of 40
– Causes daytime sleepiness
– Severity of snoring
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29-33
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Allergic
rhinitis
Asthma
Atelectasis
Description
Hypersensitivity reaction to various
airborne allergens
A condition in which the tubes of the
bronchial tree become obstructed due
to inflammation
Collapsed lung; one symptom is
dyspnea
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29-34
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Description
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi often
follows a cold; one type of COPD
Chronic
obstructive
pulmonary
disease (COPD)
Emphysema
A group of lung disorders that
limit airflow to lungs and usually
cause enlargement of the alveoli
A chronic condition associated
with smoking that damages the
alveoli; one type of COPD
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29-35
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Influenza
Laryngitis
Legionnaire’s
disease
Description
A viral disease that attacks the
respiratory system; commonly
called the flu
An acute inflammation of the larynx
causing hoarseness (dysphonia)
Acute bacterial pneumonia caused
by Legionnaire bacteria that usually
grows in the standing water of air
conditioning systems
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29-36
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Description
Lung cancer
Pleural effusion
Pleuritis /
Pleurisy
Cancer closely associated with
smoking and exposure to
second-hand smoke; four types
of lung cancers
A buildup of fluid in the pleural
cavity
Inflammation of the membranes
that cover the lungs, known as
pleura
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29-37
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Description
Pneumoconiosis Lung diseases that result from
years environmental or
occupational exposure to
different types of dust
Pneumonia/
An inflammation of the lungs that
Pneumonitis
is most often caused by a
bacterial, viral, or fungal infection
Pneumothorax A collection of air in the chest
around the lungs, which may
cause atelectasis
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29-38
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Pulmonary
edema
Pulmonary
embolism
Description
A condition in which fluids fill
spaces within the lungs, making it
very difficult for the lungs to
oxygenate the blood
A blood clot (embolism) that
travels usually from the legs and
blocks an artery in the lungs
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29-39
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Respiratory
distress
syndrome
(RDS)
Severe acute
respiratory
syndrome
(SARS)
Description
Syndrome in which a lack of
surfactant in the lungs allows the
alveoli to collapse on exhalation,
resulting in poor oxygenation
A viral respiratory disease that is
very contagious and sometimes
fatal
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29-40
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Sinusitis
Description
An inflammation of the
membranes lining the sinuses of
the skull
Sudden infant
A syndrome without characteristic
death syndrome signs or symptoms; usually a
(SIDS)
baby with this disorder simply
goes to sleep and never wakes
up
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29-41
Common Diseases and Disorders (cont.)
Disease
Tuberculosis
Upper
respiratory
(tract) infection
(URI)
Description
Primarily a respiratory disease
caused by various strains of the
bacterium Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Coryza, or the common cold
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29-42
Apply Your Knowledge
Matching: ANSWER:
F Syndrome caused by a lack of
surfactant.
B Obstruction of bronchial tree due to
inflammation.
A May cause daytime sleepiness.
G Coryza
A. Snoring
B. Asthma
C. COPD
D. Pneumothorax
E. Pleural
effusion
F. RDS
D A collection of air in the chest.
G. URI
C Disorders that limit airflow to the lungs.
E An accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity.
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29-43
In Summary
29.1
The function of the respiratory system is to move air
in and out of the lungs in a process known as
ventilation, respiration, or breathing.
The larynx contains the vocal cords, which stretch
between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.
The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial
tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels.
The bronchial tree consists of the primary,
secondary, and tertiary branches of the bronchi, the
bronchioles, and the alveoli.
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29-44
In Summary (cont.)
29.2 During inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the
intercostal muscles raise the ribs, increasing the
space in the thoracic cavity.
This decreases the pressure within the cavity so that
the air outside the body passively flows into the
thoracic cavity.
During expiration, the diaphragm relaxes, pushing up
into the thoracic cavity, and the intercostal muscles
lower the ribs, forcing the air to flow out of the body.
Breathing is controlled by the respiratory center of the
brain, located in the pons and medulla oblongata
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29-45
In Summary (cont.)
29.3
Most of the oxygen in the bloodstream binds to the
hemoglobin within red blood cells, resulting in
oxyhemoglobin, although a small amount does not
bind to hemoglobin and remains dissolved in the
plasma.
Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin, resulting in
carboxyhemoglobin. Most of the carbon dioxide that
enters the blood reacts with water in plasma and
cerebrospinal fluid to form carbonic acid. As
carbonic acid ionizes, it releases hydrogen and
bicarbonate ions, which attach to hemoglobin
making its way back to the lungs to be exhaled.
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29-46
In Summary (cont.)
29.4 Respiratory volumes are measured to check the
health of the respiratory system.
The volumes are: tidal volume, inspiratory and
expiratory reserve volumes, residual volume,
inspiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital
capacity, and total lung capacity. The normal
capacities are found in the chapter
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29-47
In Summary (cont.)
29.5
The diseases and disorders of the respiratory
system are many and varied, as are the causes and
treatments of these diseases.
Many of the more common respiratory disorders with
their individual causes and treatments are discussed
in detail in the pathophysiology section of this
chapter.
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29-48
End of Chapter 29
The air of ideas is
the only air worth
breathing.
~Edith Wharton
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in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.