Transcript TOWARDS A SCINTILLATOR BASED DIGITAL HADRON CALORIMETER FOR THE LINEAR COLLIDER DETECTOR

TOWARDS A SCINTILLATOR BASED
DIGITAL HADRON CALORIMETER
FOR THE LINEAR COLLIDER DETECTOR
ALEXANDRE DYCHKANT
FOR NICADD/NIU
Northern Illinois University (DeKalb, IL 60115, USA)
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
1
OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
RESULTS
SUMMARY
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
2
INTRODUCTION
THE CURRENT TEVATRON RUN AT FERMI NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY AND OPERATION
OF THE LARGE HADRON COLLIDER AT CERN ARE CLEAR PRIORITIES FOR THE PRESENT AND IMMEDIATE
FUTURE OF THE HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS FRONTIER. HOWEVER, NOW IS A GOOD TIME TO PLAN AND PREPARE
FOR THE NEXT STEP, A LINEAR E+E- COLLIDER, TO REVIEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTORS, AND TO
CLEARLY POINT OUT AREAS WHERE R & D WILL BE NEEDED IN THE FUTURE.
IN ORDER TO REALIZE THE FULL POTENTIAL OF A FUTURE LINEAR ELECTRON POSITRON
COLLIDER, A DETECTOR SHOULD HAVE A HADRON CALORIMETER WITH A DIJET ENERGY RESOLUTION 30%/E
OR BETTER. MOST MODERN SAMPLING HADRON CALORIMETERS HAVE ~90%/E ENERGY RESOLUTION FOR
JETS WHICH CAN BE IMPROVED UP TO ~50%/E USING FLOW ENERGY ALGORITHMS.
HOWEVER, IF ENERGY FLOW ALGORITHMS ARE APPLIED TO A DETECTOR THAT HAS A HIGHLY
SEGMENTED HADRON CALORIMETER, THE HITS FROM CHARGED PARTICLES CAN BE SEPARATED FROM
NEUTRAL PARTICLES IN A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD BY ASSOCIATION WITH CORRESPONDING TRACKS IN
THE INNER VOLUME. AFTER THAT, THE TRACKER WILL BE USED TO MEASURE THE CHARGED COMPONENTS,
AND THE ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER WILL BE USED TO MEASURE THE PHOTONS. EACH OF THEM
PROVIDE HIGH PRECISION ENERGY MEASUREMENTS. THE HADRON CALORIMETER WITH TRADITIONAL
RESOLUTION WILL MEASURE THE ENERGY OF NEUTRAL HADRONS ONLY, WHICH, ON AVERAGE, DEPOSIT
APPROXIMATELY 11% OF A JET’S TOTAL ENERGY. THUS, BECAUSE LINEAR COLLIDER DETECTOR ITSELF IS
OPTIMIZED FOR ENERGY FLOW ALGORITHMS, A NET JET ENERGY RESOLUTION OF 30%/E COULD BE
ACHIEVED.
THE NEXT TWO SLIDES WILL PROVIDE THE RESULTS OF THE SIMULATIONS OF NUMBER OF HITS
AND ENERGY RESOLUTION VERSUS THE SINGLE PARTICLE ENERGY FOR CELLS OF DIFFERENT AREAS.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
3
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
5
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
7
BY VARYING THE TRANSVERSE CELL SIZE, SIMULATIONS INDICATE THAT THE ENERGY
RESOLUTION FROM DIGITAL MEASUREMENT CAN BE BETTER THAN CORRESPONDING ANALOG
MEASUREMENTS. THIS SUPPORTS DIGITAL APPROACH TO THE HADRON CALORIMETRY, AND FUTURE
RESEARCH ON ENERGY FLOW ALGORITHMS SHOULD INCLUDE OPTIMIZATIONS FOR DIGITAL HADRON
CALIRIMETER AS WELL.
OUR GROUP AT THE NORTHERN ILLINOIS CENTER FOR ACCELERATOR AND DETECTOR
DEVELOPMENT (NICADD), AS A POSSIBLE SOLUTION, HAS UNDERTAKEN A COMPREHENSIVE
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF A SAMPLING HADRON CALORIMETER WITH SMALL SCINTILLATING CELLS AND
34 LAYERS OF ACTIVE MEDIUM. THE PROJECT CONSISTS OF COMPUTER-BASED SIMULATIONS AND
THE PROTOTYPE, DEVELOPED CONCURRENTLY. THIS TYPE OF CALORIMETER WILL HAVE UP TO 5
MILLION INDEPENDENT PHOTO READOUT CHANNELS. BECAUSE THE AVERAGE OCCUPATION OF CELL
WILL BE LESS THAN ONE, IT CAN BE A DIGITAL SINGLE BIT READOUT WITH THE THRESHOLD SET TO
DETECT THE PASSAGE OF A MINIMUM IONIZING PARTICLE (MIP). IT IS A PROVEN TECHNOLOGY, BUT
THE SCALE OF ITS APPLICATION IS QUITE INNOVATIVE.
EACH ACTIVE LAYER OF THE CALORIMETER HAS A CYLINDRICAL SHAPE, WITH RADII
FROM 1.44 TO 2.46 M, AND 5.72 M LONG (IN CASE OF THE SLCD). EACH 1 M2 OF ACTIVE LAYER
CONSISTS OF APPROXIMATELY A THOUSAND IDENTICAL CELLS. EACH CELL HAS A WLS FIBER THAT
CAN BE CONNECTED TO A PHOTODETECTOR DIRECTLY (INSIDE THE MAGNETIC COIL), OR VIA CLEAR
FIBER (OUTSIDE THE MAGNETIC COIL). IN THE LAST CASE, AN ADDITIONAL GAP OF 3 MM FOR CLEAR
FIBER ROUTING WILL BE NEEDED.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
8
NICADD PROTOTYPE OF SDHCAL
Scintillating Digital Hadron Calorimeter
(SDHCAL) consists of the following major
optical parts: scintillating cells, optical
fibers, and photo detectors. For the
prototype, we thoroughly investigated the
response of the cells with dimensions
close to the Moliere radius (~17 mm) for a
passive material used (that can be brass
or stainless steel).
We are going to use extruded
scintillator to reduce the cost. Fibers and
photo detectors can be the most
expensive part of this project. In this
presentation I’m going to show that the
small scintillating cells are a reasonable
approach to DHCAL.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
9
FIBERS, SCINTILLATORS, AND PH OTODETECTORS
THE FOLLOWING SCINTILLATORS WERE TESTED:
•BICRON BC-408 5, 10, AND 20 MM THICKNESSES;
•ELJEN TECHNOLOGE EJ-200 3, 4, AND 5 MM THICKNESSES;
•NICADD-FERMILAB EXTRUDED 5 MM THICKNESS. IT PROVIDES ~60% OUTPUT OF BC-408.
INFLUENCE OF THE SIDE AND SURFACE TREATMENTS, SUCH AS POLISHING, MACHINING,
MIRRORING, PAINTING AND DIFFERENT KINDS OF WRAPPING, ON THE CELL RESPONSE WERE
STUDIED (TABLE 1-3).
RESPONSE VERSUS THICKNESS OF CELL WAS STUDIED AS WELL (THE FOLLOWING CHART).
RESPONSES OF HEXAGONAL AND SQUARE SHAPES CELLS WITH AREA ~ 9 AND ~6 CM² WERE
TESTED.
CELL RESPONSES, WITH STRAIGHT AND SIGMA SHAPES FIBER GROOVE, TAPERED AND ROUND
HOLE GROOVES WERE TESTED, USING WLS FIBERS EMBEDED AND GLUED WITH OPTICAL
GLUE AS WELL.
THE UNIFORMITY OF THE RESPONSES OF CELLS WITH THE STRAIGHT AND SIGMA GROOVE
WERE MEASURED.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
10
TABLE 1. NORMALIZED CELLS RESPONSES FOR DIFFERENT
COATING OR WRAPPING
Tyvek
1.00
Paint
0.89
VM 2002
1.08
Mylar
CM590
0.83
0.28
CM500
0.44
Alum Foil
0.63
TABLE 2. RATIO OF RESPONSES FOR CELLS WITH UNPOLISHED
SIDES TO THE RESPONSE OF CELLS WITH POLISHED SIDES
Tyvek
Paint
1.27
1.30
VM 2002
1.28
Mylar
CM590
CM500
1.30
1.14
1.19
TABLE 3. NORMALIZED RESPONSES OF CELLS FOR DIFFERENT
KIND OF SURFACE TREATMENTS
UNPOLISHED TOP AND
POLISHED BOTTOM
0.98
POLISHED TOP AND
POLISHED BOTTOM
UNPOLISHED TOP AND
UNPOLISHED BOTTOM
1.00
1.02
NOTE: FOR DETAILS OF THIS MEASUREMENTS LOOK AT THE LAST SLIDE.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
11
THIS CHART REPRESENTS
RESPONSE OF CELLS WITH
THICKNESSES of 3, 4, AND 5 MM.
RESPONSE NORMALIZED TO 3 MM CELL
NORMALIZED CELL RESPONSE OF Cs-137
1.75
UNITS FOR THICKNESS AND
RESPONSE WERE NORMALIZED
TO CELL WITH 3 MM THICKNESS
IN ORDER TO SIMPLIFY THE
FOLLOWING ANALYSIS.
1.55
1.35
Cs-137 RADIOACTIVE SOURCE WAS
USED.
1.15
THE RESPONSE IS A LINEAR
FUNCTION OF CELL THICKNESS UP
TO 5 MM WITH THE SLOPE OF 0.84.
y = 0.8426x + 0.1376
R2 = 0.9852
0.95
0.75
0.75
0.95
1.15
1.35
1.55
1.75
CELL THICKNESS NORMALIZED TO 3 MM
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
12
FIBERS, SCINTILLATORS, AND PH OTODETECTORS
THE FOLLOWING FIBERS WERE TESTED:
•BICRON BCF-92 SQUARE, 0.8 MM SIDE;
•BICRON BCF-92 ROUND, 0.8 MM OUTER DIAMETER;
•BICRON BCF-92 ROUND, 1.0 MM OUTER DIAMETER;
• KURARAY Y-11 ROUND, 0.94 MM OUTER DIAMETER
•KURARAY Y-11 ROUND, 1.0 MM OUTER DIAMETER;
•(KURARAY CLEAR ROUND, 0.94 MM OUTER DIAMETER.)
ALL FIBER ENDS WERE POLISHED USING FLY DIAMOND CUTTING TECHNIQUE.
ONE END OF EACH WLS FIBER WAS ALUMINUM MIRRORED.
ALL WLS FIBERS WERE 1 M LONG.
THERMAL SPLICING FOR KURARAY ROUND 0.94 MM OUTER DIAMETER FIBERS WAS SUCCESSFULLY RETESTED BY FOLLOWING THE CMS PROCEDURE.
KURARAY Y-11 ROUND, 1.0 MM OUTER DIAMETER WLS FIBERS PROVIDE THE LARGEST RESPONSE,
WHICH IS 3.14 TIMES LARGER THAN OUTPUT OF BCF-92 SQUARE 0.8 MM SIDE WLS FIBER.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
13
PHOTODETECTORS
THE FOLLOWING PHOTODETECTORS WERE USED FOR DIFFERENT TESTS:
VLPC,
HAMAMATSU PMT R-580,
HAMAMATSU MPMTs H8711.
MEASUREMENTS WITH H8711
NUMBER OF EVENTS
CHANNEL 4 WITH MIP
10000
1000
100
10
1
112
212
312
412
512
612
QDC COUNTS
712
COSMIC TRIGGER PROVIDES PARTICLES
WITH TRACKS PERPENDICULAR TO THE
STACK OF CELLS; 2  OF BRASS ARE
INSTALLED BETWEEN THE LAYERS; WE
USE VME CRATE WITH QDC V792 AND
LABVIEW DAQ
NUMBER OF EVENTS
7 FILTERS
TOP CHART SHOWS A MIP RESPONSE,
10000
1000
100
10
1
112
152
192
232
BOTTOM CHART SHOWS THE
RESPONSE OF LED SIGNALS SIGNIFICANTLY
ATTENUATED WITH FILTERS TO GET SINGLE
ELECTRON SPECTRUM.
QDC COUNTS
MPMT SHOWS APPROXIMATELY ~10 PE.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
14
NEW PHOTODETECTORS
ALSO, HAMAMATSU Si APD S8550 AND SiPM FROM “PULSAR”
ENTERPRISE, RUSSIA ARE CURRENTLY UNDER THE TEST.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
15
1000.0
Gain for Hamamatsu APD for different light wavelengths
at 18 ºC
Gain
100.0
10.0
1.0
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Bias Voltage, V
486nm
5/24/2016
565nm
for 587nm
660nm
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
16
CONCLUSIONS
•TODAY’S DESIGN OF OPTICAL ELEMENTS CAN PROVIDE ~10 PE.
•OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL CELLS DIFFER FROM NORMAL SIZE TILES
BECAUSE ATTENUATION LENGTH DOES NOT WORK. SURFACE TREATMENTS DON’T
AFFECT THE RESPONSE, BUT MACHINING SIDES DO.
•CELLS, PAINTED IN ACRYLIC TITANIUM WHITE, PROVIDE RESPONSE THAT IS
COMPARABLE TO A CELLS WRAPPED IN TYVEK, PAINTING IS MORE PRODUCTIVE
THAN WRAPPING, AND CROSSTALK BETWEEN WHITE PAINTED CELLS IS SMALL.
•THE NICADD PROTOTYPE OF SDHCAL IS BEING TESTED USING COSMICS RAYS;
NEW PHOTODETECTORS WILL BE USED IN THIS STUDY AND NEED FURTHER R&D.
•DIGITAL HADRON CALORIMETER WITH SMALL SCINTILLATING CELLS IS A
PLAUSIBLE SOLUTION FOR THE FUTURE LINEAR COLLIDER DETECTOR.
•FURTHER R&D IN SCINTILLATING DIGITAL HADRON CALORIMETRY OPENS NEW
OPPORTUNITIES FOR FULL RECONSTRUCTION EVENTS IN FUTURE DETECTOR.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
17
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Peter Torres and Daniel Ruggiero for their help during the cell tests.
We would like to thank Phil Stone who provided excellent mechanical support.
References
[1] C.Damerell et al., pg. 431, and J.Brau et al., pg. 437, Proc. Swnowmass 1996.
[2] O. Lobban et al., On the Energy Measurement of Hadron Jets, Proceedings of the Tenth
International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics, Pasadena, 2002. World Scientific,
Singapore, 2002, p.814-833.
[3] TESLA Technical Design Report, DESY, March 2001.
[4] SAINT-GOBAIN (Bicron), 12345 Kinsman Road, Newbury, OH 44065, USA.
[5] CMS The Hadron Calorimeter Project Technical Design Report CERN/LHCC 97 CMS TDR 2,
20 June 1997.
[6] HAMAMATSU CORPORATION, 360 Foothill Road, P.O.BOX 6910, Bridgewater, NJ
08807-0919, USA; 314-5, Shimokanzo, Toyooka-village, Iwata-gun, Shizuoka-ken, 438-0193 Jap1.
[7] Keithley Instruments, Inc., 28775 Aurora Road, Cleveland, OH 44139, USA.
[8] The MINOS Detectors Technical Design Report. NuMI-L-603, March 1, 1999.
[9] A. Bross et al., The Digital Hadron Calorimeter (DHC) Elements Test, FERMILAB-TN-733,
April 2003.
[10] Kuraray America Inc., 200 Park Ave, NY 10166,USA; 3-1-6, NIHONBASHI, CHUO-KU,
TOKYO 103-8254, JAPAN.
[11] “Pulsar” Enterprise, Okruzhnoj Proezd 27, Moscow, Russia.
[12] ELJEN TECHNOLOGY, PO Box 870, 300 Crane Street, Sweetwater, Texas 79556, USA.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
18
CELLS RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT COATING/WRAPPING
THE REASON FOR CARRYING OUT THESE MEASUREMENTS WAS THE LACK OF DATA ON THE
RESPONSE OF A SMALL SCINTILLATING CELL WITH POLISHED EDGES COMPARED TO THE
RESPONSE OF A CELL WITH NON-POLISHED OR JUST MACHINED EDGES AND HOW ARE THESE
RESPONSES SENSITIVE TO DIFFERENT WRAPPING OR COATING MATERIALS.
GEOMETRY, MATERIALS, AND TOOLS
CELL
GROOVE
MATERIAL SCINTILLATOR BC408, THICKNESS 5 MM, SHAPE HEXAGON, AREA9.4 CM², 5 CELLS HAVE FINISHED EDGES; ALL TOTAL-11 CELLS.
SIGMA SHAPE, RADIUS 12 MM, 25º OF CIRCLE WITHOUT GROOVE, RECTANGULAR
CROSS-SECTION, WIDTH 1 MM, DEPTH 4.5 MM AND TAPERED TO EXIT.
WLS FIBER BCF92, SQUARE, SIDE 0.8 MM, LENGTH- 1 M,FINISHED ENDS, ONE END MIRRORED,
EMBEDDED AND GLUED INTO THE GROOVE USING BC600.
WRAPPING MATERIALS TYVEK, 3M CM500, 3M CM590, 3M VM2002, ALUMINIZED MYLAR,
TITANIUM WHITE ACRYLIC PAINT FROM LIQUITEX ENGLAND,
(ALUMINUM FOIL).
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE HAMAMATSU R580, HIGH VOLTAGE 1300V, DARK CURRENT
LESS THAN 0.07 NA, OR LESS THAN 0.1% WITH Sr90 (2 mC)
Note: Painting is the most attractive solution because of high productivity.
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
19
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
20
5/24/2016
NSS 2003 Portland, Oregon
21