Transcript The Evolution of Primates Chapter 22
The Evolution of Primates
Chapter 22
Learning Objective 1
• What structural adaptations do primates have for life in treetops?
Primates (1)
• Placental mammals • evolved from arboreal shrewlike mammals • Five grasping digits • including opposable thumb or toe
Five Grasping Digits
Hand Foot (a) Lemur (Eulemur mongoz) Fig. 22-1a, p. 467
Hand Foot (b) Tarsier (Tarsius spectrum) Fig. 22-1b, p. 467
Hand Foot (c) Woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles arachnoides) Fig. 22-1c, p. 467
Hand Foot (d) Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) Fig. 22-1d, p. 467
Primates (2)
• Long, slender limbs • move freely at hips and shoulders • Eyes located in front of head
Learning Objective 2
• What are the three suborders of primates?
• Give representative examples of each
Suborders of Primates
• Prosimii • lemurs, galagos, and lorises • Tarsiiformes • tarsiers • Anthropoidea (anthropoids) • monkeys, apes, and humans
Primate Evolution
Suborder Prosimii Suborder Tarsiiformes Suborder Anthropoidea Hominoids (Anthropoids) Lemurs Tarsiers New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Humans Chimpanzees 3 2 1 Common Common anthropoid hominoid ancestor ancestor Common primate ancestor Fig. 22-2, p. 468
KEY CONCEPTS
•
Humans are classified in the order Primates, along with lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, and apes
•
This classification is based on close evolutionary ties
Learn more about primate evolution by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 3
• What is the difference between anthropoids , hominoids , and hominids ?
Anthropoids
• Include monkeys, apes, and humans • Branched into 2 groups: • • New World monkeys Old World monkeys
New World and Old World Monkeys
Hominoids
• Include apes and humans • arose from Old World monkey lineage • 4 modern genera of apes: • • • • gibbons orangutans gorillas chimpanzees
Ape Evolution
(a) Fossils of Aegyptopithecus, a fairly primitive anthropoid, were discovered in Egypt.
(c) Dryopithecus, a more advanced ape, may have been ancestral to modern hominoids.
Fig. 22-5a/c, p. 470
Apes
Fig. 22-6a, p. 471
Fig. 22-6b, p. 471
Fig. 22-6c, p. 471
Fig. 22-6d, p. 471
Hominids
• Humans and their ancestors
KEY CONCEPTS
•
The study of living primates provides clues to help scientists reconstruct the adaptations and lifestyles of early primates, some of which were ancestors of humans
Learning Objective 4
• What are the skeletal and skull differences between apes and hominids ?
Hominid Skeletons
• Adaptations for standing erect and walking on two feet • • • • complex curvature of the spine short, broad pelvis foramen magnum at base of skull first toe aligned with other toes
Gorilla and Human Skeletons
Simply curved spine Foramen magnum at the center rear of skull Foramen magnum at the center base of skull Complex curvature of human spine Tall, narrow pelvis (front view) First toe not aligned with others Gorilla skeleton pelvis (front view) Human skeleton Shorter, broader First toe not opposable, and all toes aligned Fig. 22-7, p. 472
Human Skeleton
• Human skull • • • • • lacks pronounced supraorbital ridge flatter than ape skulls in front has a pronounced chin larger brain than apes jaw structure with teeth arranged in U shape
Human Skull
Supraorbital ridge Incisors Rectangular shape Fig. 22-8a, p. 473
Incisors U-shape Fig. 22-8b, p. 473
KEY CONCEPTS
•
The human brain did not begin to enlarge to its present size and complexity until long after human ancestors had evolved bipedal locomotion
Learn more about monkey, gorilla, and human skeletons by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 5
• Describe the following early hominids:
Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Ardipithecus ramidus ,
and
Australopithecus anamensis, A. afarensis,
and
A. africanus
Sahelanthropus
• Hominid Evolution began in Africa • 6 to 7 million years ago •
Sahelanthropus
• • small brain face and teeth had many characteristics of larger brained human ancestors
Orrorin
• Early hominid • about 6 mya •
Orrorin
• • probably walked upright and was bipedal based on fossil leg bones
Australopithecines (1)
• Include •
Ardipithecus
and
Australopithecus
species •
Australopithecus
species • bipedal (a hominid feature)
Australopithecines (2)
•
Ardipithecus ramidus
• about 5.8 mya to 5.2 mya •
Australopithecus anamensis
•
Australopithecus afarensis
•
Australopithecus africanus
Genus Homo
• Genus
Australopithecus
contains the immediate ancestors of genus
Homo
Possible Evolutionary Relationships
H. sapiens Archaic H. sapiens A. boisei H. erectus A. aethiopicus ?
H. ergaster H. habilis A. africanus H. neanderthalensis A. afarensis A. anamensis A. ramidus Homo Ardipithecus Australopithecus
Fig. 22-9, p. 473
H. sapiens Archaic H. sapiens H. erectus A. boisei A. aethiopicus H. ergaster H. habilis ?
A. africanus H. neanderthalensis A. afarensis A. anamensis A. ramidus Homo Ardipithecus Australopithecus
Stepped Art Fig. 22-9, p. 473
Learning Objective 6
• Distinguish among the following members of genus
Homo : H. habilis, H. ergaster, H. erectus, H. neanderthalensis ,
and
H. sapiens
Homo habilis
• Earliest known hominid with some human features lacking in australopithecines • including slightly larger brain •
H. habilis
fashioned crude tools from stone
Homo erectus
(1)
• Larger brain than
H. habilis
• • made more sophisticated tools may have worn clothing, built fires, lived in caves or shelters
Pronounced supraorbital ridge Receding forehead Projecting face/jaws Fig. 22-10, p. 475
Homo erectus (2)
• Fossils may actually be 2 species •
Homo ergaster
• • earlier African species gave rise to archaic
H. sapiens
•
H. erectus
• • later Asian offshoot may be evolutionary dead end
Archaic Homo sapiens
• Regionally diverse descendants of
H. erectus
or
H. ergaster
• • in Africa, Asia, and Europe about 400,000 to 200,000 years ago • Brains about same size as our brains • • skulls retained some ancestral characters rich and varied cultures
Neandertals
• 230,000 to 30,000 years ago • Short, sturdy builds • • • • receding chins and foreheads heavy supraorbital ridges and jawbones large front teeth nasal cavities with triangular bony projections
Neandertal Tools
Homo sapiens
•
A
natomically modern humans • in Africa about 195,000 years ago • Only members of genus
Homo
remaining • about 30,000 years ago
Cro-Magnons
• Ancient
Homo sapiens
in Europe
KEY CONCEPTS
•
Fossil evidence indicates that the earliest hominids (human ancestors) evolved in Africa and shared many features with their apelike ancestors
Learn more about Homo skulls by clicking on the figure in ThomsonNOW.
Learning Objective 7
• Discuss the origin of modern humans
Origin of Modern Humans (1)
• Out-of-Africa Hypothesis • • • Modern
H. sapiens
arose in Africa migrated to Europe and Asia displaced more primitive humans living there • Supported by recent fossil discoveries and molecular data
Origin of Modern Humans (2)
• Multiregional hypothesis • • Modern humans originated as separately evolving populations of
H. erectus
in Africa, Asia, and Europe Populations occasionally interbred, preventing complete reproductive isolation
KEY CONCEPTS
•
Human culture began when human ancestors started making stone tools
Learning Objective 8
• What is the impact of human culture on the biosphere?
Human Impacts
• Large human brain size • transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next • 2 significant advances in human culture • • development of agriculture Industrial Revolution