Transcript Document 7503744

Sources Of Stagnation

Vietnam War’s
economic
distortions:
- prices went up
(oil 1970)
- dollar not
strong enough
- all the money
went to the War

Low improvements
in:
- education
- scientific skill
- manufacturing
capacity

President Lyndon
B. Johnson spend
money on the
Vietnam War and
in his Great
Society program
which caused:
- too much
money in people’s
hands and too
little products to
buy

Causes for the
U.S not
advancing:
- Americans got
caught by the
Japanese and
Germans
industries doing
dominated:
- steel,
automobiles,
consumer
electronics
Nixon “Vietnamizes” the War

President Richard
- Nixon problems:
Nixon brought to the
- Americans were
house:
dissension over
- knowledge
Vietnam and race
relations
- thoughtful
expertise in foreign
- ripping apart of
affairs
American society

Fix the Vietnam
dilemma:
-policy
“Vietnamization”
- which 540,000
Americans troop were
pulled out of Southeast
Asian a war turned
back over to
Vietnamese

By January 1970 the
Vietnam War was
the longest in
America History
- 40,000 killed
and over 250,000
wounded
- third costly War
My Lai Massacre 1968 American
troops brutally massacred
innocent women and children
- led to more opposition to
the war
 1970 Nixon attacked Cambodia
which are Vietnam’s neighbor

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North Vietnamese
and Viet Cong used
Cambodia:
- bordering
South Vietnam on
the West as
springboard for
troops
- weapons and
supplies

April 29,1970
Nixon ordered
American forces
to join the South
Vietnamese:
-clean out the
enemy sanctuaries
in officially
neutral Cambodia
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Students from Kent
State University in
Ohio respond angry to
the invasion with
rocks, window
smashing, and arson
National Guard fired;
-killed 4 and
wounding many
Students from
College in Mississippi
highway patrol
discharged volleys and
killed 2 students

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1971 the 26
amendment:
- lowered the
voting age to 18
the New York Times
published “Pentagon
Papers” which caused
people to spoke
between what the
government said and
the reality
Nixon’s Détente with Beijing(Peking) and
Moscow

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China and Soviet Union
were clashing over
interpretations
-U.S (Nixon) seized
the chance to relax
tension and establish
“détente”
Nixon then went to China
to better relations
(succeeded)

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Nixon then went to
Moscow in May 1972:
- foodstuffs
- alarmed over
possibility of a U.S
Deal between America
and China:
-sell the Soviets $750
million worth of wheat,
corn, and other cereals
A New Team on the Supreme Bench


Griswold v. Connecticut
(1965) struck down a
state law
- banned use of
contraceptives, even
married couples, however
“right to privacy”
protected the women’s
abortion rights
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Griswold v. Wainwright
(1963):
- free legal counsel if
to poor
Escobedo(1964) and
Miranda(1966)
- right to remain silent
and other protection
when accused of a crime

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U.S and the USSR agreed to an anti-ballistic missile
(ABM) treaty
-limiting each nation to 2 clusters of defensive
missiles
- arm-reduction negotiations know as SALT
- freezing numbers of long-range nuclear
missiles for five years
ABM Treaty(anti-ballistic missile) and the
SALT(strategic arms limitation talks) lessened tension
- U.S MIRV(multiple independently reentry
vehicles) missiles which could over come any
defense which the USSR did the same
Nixon détente policy work
 Engle v. Vitale(1962) and School District of Abington

vs. Schempp(1963)
- (court)required prayers and having Bible
in public schools
- Brown v. Board of Education made the
court back up
Nixon chose Warren E. Burger to replace Earl
Warren
- Nixon had four new members that were
appointed
The Nixon Landslide of 1972
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1972 Vietnamese
attacked with heavily
equipped with foreign
tanks
Nixon responded with
massive booms
- China nor Russia
helped because of
Nixon

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Nixon’s campaign
emphasized that he had
wound down
“Democratic war”
Nixon won the election
in a landslide
- 520 electoral votes
to 17 McGovern
Nixon sought “bomb
Vietnam to the peace
table
Nixon on the Home
Front

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Nixon’s Great Society
programs:
- increased
Medicare and Medicaid
- Aid Families with
Dependent Children
- Supplemental
Security Income =
benefited indigent,
aged, blind, disabled
raised Social Security

Nixon plan (Philadelphia Plan)
= required construction-trade
unions to establish “goals and
timetables” for black
employees
 White protested to “reverse
discrimination”

Nixon worried about the
inflation:
- 90 days wage freeze
And took the nation off the gold
standard
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January 23, 1973 Nixon eventually
drove the North Vietnamese to
bargaining table to agree to cease fire
pace = U.S withdraw its remaining
27,000 troops get back 560 prisoners of
war
The Secret Bombing of Cambodia and
the War Powers Act

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July 1973 America was
shock that U.S Air
Force had secretly
conducted thirty-five
hundred b0mbing raids
North Vietnamese in
Cambodia
Americans wonder that
we have been fighting a
war that we knew nothing
about

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Nixon kept on bombing
until June 1973
bombing inflicted grisly
wounds Cambodia,
blasting people,
shredding it’s economy
and revolutionizing its
politics
Cambodia was taken
over by Pol Pot

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Pol Pot tried to commit genocide by killing 2 million
people over a span
War Powers Act November 1973= president to report
committing troops to foreign in 48 hours end in 60 days
“New Isolationism” = discourage to use U.S troops in
other countries
The AraB oil embargo and the
Energy crisis
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Syrians and Egyptians
attacked Israel for regain
the territory they had lost
in the 6 days of war 1967
the U.S back up Israel
Arab nations impose oil
embargo= U.S limited oil
and fuel crisis
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“energy crisis”= 55 mph to
conserve fuel
U.S 1948 imported oil but
then went down hill 1970
oil consumption tripled at
the end of WW 2
1991 U.S went into
shooting against Iraq over
oil supplies

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OPEC lifted embargo 1974 =
quadrupled oil price
U.S led on forming the international
Energy Agency 1974
Water Gate & Unmaking of a President
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On June 1972 five men working for the Republican
Committee for the Re-election of the president
(Creep)were caught breaking into the water gates
hotel and planting some bugs in the room
-what followed
-a huge scandal
-many prominent administrators resigned
Lengthy hearings proceeded, headed by senator Sam
Eruing, and john Dean 3rd testified about all the
corruption, illegal activities, and scandal's that took
place
They discovered tapes that recorded the conversation,
but Nixon refused to hand over the tapes
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Vice president Spiro Agrew was forced to
resign in 1973 due to tax evasion
Thus, the accordance of the new 25th
Amendment
On august 5,1974, Nixon finally released
the three tapes, proving he had ordered a
cover up of the Watergate situation
The First Unelected President

Gerald Ford was the
first unelected ever,
since his name had
been submitted by
Nixon as a V.P
candidate when Sprio
Agrew resigned due
to a bribery scandal
while he was
Maryland governor

He was also seen as a
dumb jock of a president
Che was a former
University of Michigan
football player) and his
popularity and respect
further sank when he
issued a full pardon of
Nixon, thus setting off
accusations of a “buddy
deal”
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His popularity also declined when he
granted amnesty to “draft dodgers” thus
allowing them to between to the U.S from
whenever they’d run to usually Canada and
Europe
In July 1975, Ford signed Helsinki accords,
which recognized soviet boundaries,
guaranteed human rights, and eased the U.S
soviet situations
Defeat In
Vietnam
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Disastrously for ford, South Vietnam fell to the
communist North in 1975, and American troops
had to be evacuated, the last on April 29, 1975,
thus ending the U.S pole in Vietnam war.
America seemed to have last the war, and it
had, also a lot of respect.
Feminist Victories and Repeats
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During the 1970”s the
feminist movement
became energized and
took a decidedly
aggressive tone.
Title ix prohibited sex
discrimination in any
federal funded
education program
a) it’s largest impact
was seen in the
emergence of girls
sports

The supreme Court
entered the fray in the
feminist movement
a) the Court decisions
challenged in legislation
and employment.
b) the Super-hot Roev
Wade case legalized
abortion, arguing the
ending a pregnancy was
protected under a right to
privacy.

Even more ambitious was ERA
(Equal Rights Amendment) to the
constitutions
The Seventies in Black and White

Race was a burning
issues, and in the 1974
Milliken V. Bradly case,
the supreme court
ruled that
desegregation plans
could not require
students to move
across school- district
lines

Affirmative action,
where minorities were
given preference in jobs
or school admittance,
was another burning
issue,but some whiles
used this to argue
‘reverse discrimination”

The Supreme court”s only black justice,
thurgood marshall, warned that the denial
of racial preference might sweep away the
progress gained by the civil right
movement
The Bicentennial Campaign and the Cartar
Victory
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In 1976, Jimmy Carter
barely squeezed by
Gerald Ford (297 to 240)
for president, promising to
never lie to the American
public. He also had
democratic majorities in
both houses of congress.
1978, Carter got an 18
billion tax cut for America,
but economy soon
continued sinking

Despite an early spurt of
popularity, Carter soon lost
it
Carter’s Humanitarian Diplomacy

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Carter was a champion for
human rights, & in Rhodesia
(later Zimbabwe) & south
Africa, he championed for
black rights & privileges
September 17, 1978,
president an war sad at of
Egypt & prime minister
menachem begin of Israel
signed peace accord at camp
David
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In Africa, though, several
communist revolutions
took place not all
successful, but
dishearten & threatening
still
Carter also pledged to
return the panama canal
to panama ‘by the year
200, & resumed full
diplomatic relations with
china 1979
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Economic & energy was
-inflation had been steadily rising & by
1979 it was at a huge 13% Americans would
learn that they could no longer rude behind their
ocean moats & live happily insulted from foreign
affair
carter diagnosed America's problems as
streaming primarily from the nation’s costly
dependence on foreign oil, which was true
Foreign affairs and the iranian
imbroglio
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Cater signed the salt 11 agreements with soviet
premier Heroid Brezhnez, but the u.s senate
wouldn’t ratify it
then on November 4, 1979 a bunch of anti
American Muslim militants stormed the U.s
embassy in Tehran and took the people inside
hostage demanding that the u.s two weeks
earlier for cancer treatments