Transcript Lecture Slides Introduction to Sociology, 5 edition

Lecture Slides
Introduction to
Sociology, 5th edition
Anthony Giddens,
Mitchell Duneier and
Richard Appelbaum
Slides created by Dr.
Huei-Hsia Wu, Boise
State University
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Company
LOGO
Chapter 1: What is
Sociology?
What is Sociology?
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•
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Lecture Outline
Developing A
Sociological Perspective
Development of
Sociological Thinking
Is Sociology A Science
How Can Sociology
Help Us in Our Lives
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What Is Sociology?
 Sociology
-The systematic study of
human societies, with
special emphasis on
social groups in modern
industrialized systems.
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Chapter 1 What Is Sociology- Social Structure
• Patterns of social behavior
E.g., divorce, substance abuse, aging,
immigration, unemployment,
underemployment, overwork, lower pay etc.
However, they are public issues at the societal
level.
• Social structure is an active & constantly
changing social force.
• It varies across space & time.
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Chapter 1 What Is Sociology- Structuration
Structuration
Social
World
Human behavior & thinking
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Slide 7
Chapter 1 What Is Sociology
–
–
–
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Culture
Socialization
Social interaction
Social organizations
& institutions
– Social inequality
– Environment

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Human behavior &
thinking
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Company
LOGO
Scope of Sociology
The scope of sociology: studying all human
relationships, groups, institutions, and societies.
E.g., romantic love & marriage, gay family &
marriage….(continued)
Scope of sociology?
• Health & illness, racial & ethnic conflicts, poverty,
education, immigration, sexuality, gender, class,
and crime & punishment, environment &
economic development all come under the scope
of sociology.
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Slide 10
The Development of Sociological Thinking
• Merton’s Micro and Macro
Approaches to the Study of
Society
• Macro-sociology: large-scale
phenomena
• Micro-sociology: individual
characteristics & social
interactions
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Macrosociology
Micro-sociology

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More Sociological Imagination: Globalization
Globalization refers to our increasing
interdependence with people around the
world.
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A Global View of the Changing World
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There are several major impacts of
globalization in contemporary societies:
-A revolution in communications
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A Global View of the Changing World
-The technological change, especially IT the
nature of jobs.
Q: why type of jobs are related to information
technology?
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A Global View of the Changing World
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Cultural globalization (or Cultural
imperialism):
English, TV programs
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A Global View of the Changing World
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Global economy
Global politics (alliance,
pollution)
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A Global View of the Changing World
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Changes is in our everyday lives:
tradition  more tech.
Clothing, games, food, alliances etc.
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Slide 18
Sociological Imagination
 C. Wright Mills (1959)
-“think ourselves away” from
the familiar routines of our
daily lives
-look at them anew
-E.g., drinking a cup of
coffee
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Slide 19
Developing Sociological Perspective
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Social reproduction
-the way societies keep going over time.
Social transformation
-processes of changes derived from conscious
intentions to change
-processes of unintended outcomes via social
reproduction
Sociology studies the resulting balance between
these two processes.
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Sociological Imagination: Sociology of Coffee
1) A ritual: A cup of coffee in the morning = a
daily routine
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Sociological Imagination: Sociology of Coffee
2) A symbolic value: social interaction & the
enactment of rituals
3) Use as a drug: an “extra lift.”
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Sociological Imagination: Sociology of Coffee
4) Interdependency among
regions: Coffee is grown in
Latin America, Hawaii, India
& Southeast Asia.
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In-Class Discussion-Sociology of Tea
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Level of Analysis:
Macro-Sociology & Micro-Sociology
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Microsociology - the study of everyday
behavior in situations of face-to-face
interaction.
Macrosociology - the analysis of large-scale
social systems.
The two are closely connected.
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The Development of Sociological Thinking
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Sociology encompasses a diversity of
theoretical approaches.
Theories - constructing abstract
interpretations that can be used to explain
a wide variety of empirical situations.
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Early Sociologists
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Auguste Comte
He invented the word “sociology.”
Scientific evidence
Seeing sociology as a means to predict &
control human behavior, which in turn
contributes to human welfare.
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Early Sociologists
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1.
2.
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4.
Emile Durkheim
Social changes & division of labor
Sociology must study social facts
Harmony among specialized institutions
Society is an integrated whole (organic
solidarity).
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Early Sociologists
 Karl Marx
1. “All human history thus far is the history of
class struggles.”
2. Emphasizing economic inequality & its
influences on social changes
3. The ruling class exploited the working class and
the working class struggled to overcome that
exploitation.
4. A classless system.
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Early Sociologists
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Max Weber
Emphasizing Durkheim's notions of social
values and ideas.
Values and ideas, such as those of religion
and science, can shape a society.
Rationalization of social and economic life
Sociology of religion
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Modern Theoretical Approaches
 Symbolic Interactionism
 Symbols
 The exchange of symbols between
individuals in social interaction
 Small-scale interactions of individuals,
not society as a whole.
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Modern Theoretical Approaches
• Functionalism
1. Seeing society as a whole
2. Robert Merton has been particularly
influential
3. Manifest, latent functions and
dysfunction
4. Study of deviance
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Modern Theoretical Approaches

1.
2.
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Marxism
Power
Ideology
Class division-Proletariat & bourgeoisie
Social conflict
The power class uses ideology to retain their
dominance
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Modern Theoretical Approaches
Feminism
1. Linking sociological theory and political
reform
2. women’s lives and experiences
3. Gendered patterns and inequalities are
socially constructed.
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Modern Theoretical Approaches
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Postmodernism
Society is no longer governed by history or
progress.
Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and
diverse, with no "grand narrative" guiding its
development.
Rational choice theory
Self-interest
Cost-benefit calculation
Goal oriented
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Is Sociology a Science?
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1.
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Science:
Systematic methods of empirical investigation
Data analysis
Theoretical thinking
Logical assessments of arguments
A body of knowledge about a particular
subject matter
Value-free, objective & observable
Empirical evidence & facts
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How Can Sociology Help Us in Our Lives?
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Understanding social circumstances provides us
a better chance of controlling them.
Sociology provides the means of increasing our
cultural sensitivities.
We can investigate the consequences of
adopting particular policy programs.
Sociology provides self-enlightenment, offering
groups & individuals an increased opportunity
to alter the conditions of their own lives.
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Student Website
• Study smarter with these online tools at
http://www.wwnorton.com/giddens5:
– Chapter Reviews
– Diagnostic Quizzes
– Vocabulary Flashcards
– Thinking Sociologically Exercises
– Practicing Sociology Data Exercises
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Fastest Growing Occupations, 2002-2012
(Numbers in thousands of jobs, ranked by number of jobs)
Employment
Change
2002
2012
Num
ber
Perce
nt
Education and Training
1. Medical Assistants
365
579
215
59%
Moderate-term on-the-job
training
2. Network systems and data communications
analysts
186
292
106
57%
Bachelor's Degree
3. Physician assistants
63
94
31
49%
Bachelor's Degree
4. Social and human service assistants
305
454
149
49%
Moderate-term on-the-job
training
5. Home health aides
580
859
279
48%
Short-term on-the-job
training
6. Medical records and health information
technicians
147
216
69
47%
Associate degree
7. Physical therapist aides
37
54
17
46%
Short-term on-the-job
training
8. Computer software engineers, applications
394
573
179
46%
Bachelor's Degree
9. Computer software engineers, systems
software
281
409
128
45%
Bachelor's Degree
10. Physical therapist assistants
50
73
22
45%
Associate degree
Occupation
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Federal Outlays as a Percentage of GDP, 1962–2002
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The Path of Spending Obligations
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Percent of Students Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit
Drug Has Decreased
*
Percent
17% Decline 2001 to 2004
*P < .05
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Working Parents with Access to Leave, 2002 (percent)
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