Transcript Document 7497541

Extension Line
Dimension lines:
Shows the beginning and the
end of the measurement.
Terminated by arrowheads.
Thin line (dark) weight.
Should be broken to allow for
the numbers to be inserted.
Must be a minimum of .375" or
10mm away from the object.
Must be a minimum of .250" or
6mm away from parallel
dimension lines.
Dimension
Line
Extension Line
Extension lines:
Extend the edge of the object.
Thin line (dark) weight.
There should be a visible gap
(.0625" or 1mm) between the
object and the start of the
extension line.
Extension lines should extend
about .125" or 2.5mm beyond
the last dimension line.
Dimension
Line
Leader lines:
Are drawn from a note or dimension to place
where the note applies.
Are drawn at an angle (usually 30°, 45°, or 60°).
Should have a short (.125" or 3mm) shoulder that
if extended, would intersect the note at midheight.
May end with an arrowhead or dot.
Leaders should not cross over or through other
leaders or dimension lines.
Avoid making leaders parallel or perpendicular to
visible edges.
.
Arrowheads:
Can be solid filled or open.
Should be approximately .125" or 3mm long.
Should be approximately 2.5 to 3 times as
long as wide.
.38" (10MM) MIN FROM VISIBLE
LINE TO DIMENSION LINE
LEADER
Ø1.00 THRU
.25" (6MM) MIN BETWEEN
DIMENSION LINES
2.00
SPACE
1.00
2X R.25
4.00
EXTENSION LINE
Ø2.00
SPACE
DIMENSION LINE
.03 (1MM)
2.00
1.00
.12 (3MM)
DIMENSIONING INCLUDES MEASUREMENTS,
NOTES AND SYMBOLS
6
13
7.00
10
1
3
2
8
6
A
1.25
15
7
A
4
9
14
HEX BOLT
11
5
12
SECTION A-A
1. Phantom
2. Section
3. Hidden
4. Cutting/viewing
5. Leader
6. Hidden
7. Center
8. Visible/object
9. Extension
10. Break
11. Visible/object
12. Section
13. Extension
14. Break
15. Dimension
Procedures for using decimal and metric measurement.
Decimal inches:
Decimals are the ANSI standard.
Decimals are easier to add, subtract, multiply and divide than
fractions.
Preferably, decimals should be rounded to two decimal places.
Omit zero before the decimal point for values of less than
one.
Fractional inches:
Used where close tolerances are not important.
The horizontal fraction bar is preferred.
Metric:
Where linear measurement are less than 10,000 millimeters, the
millimeter is the standard unit of measure.
The abbreviation for millimeters (mm) is usually omitted when
all dimensions are in millimeters.
The period is used as a decimal point only in English speaking
countries, others use a comma.
The number one rule of dimensioning is that of clarity.
Place dimensions where the shape is best shown.
Shortest dimensions placed closest to the object.
Group and align dimensions when possible.
Avoid duplicate and/or unnecessary dimensions.
Try to avoid placing dimensions inside a view.
Avoid crowding dimensions.
Avoid dimensioning to hidden features.
Place dimensions between the views to which they relate.
Lines should be thin and contrast noticeably with visible lines.
Dimensions should be included that describe both size and
location of features.
The diameter of cylinders is dimensioned in the rectangular view.
The diameter of machined holes is dimensioned in the circular
view.
Cartesian Coordinate System
Polar Coordinates
Polar coordinates used
when you need to draw
the next points at specify
angle. Polar coordinates
system in AutoCAD
specifies distance length
at which angle. Using
polar coordinate, points
entered by typing
@distance<angle [Enter]
Polar Coordinate System
Absolute Coordinate System
Relative Coordinates
After first points entered, your next points can be entered by
specifying the next coordinate compare/relative from the first
points. The relative coordinate started with symbol “@” tell
AutoCAD it was a relative coordinates. Using relative
coordinate, points entered by typing @x,y [Enter]
Boolean Commands.
Union (+ or ) – adds parts together
Subtract or Difference (  ) – removes parts or
features
Intersection ( * or  ) – Intersects overlapping
volumes into a single feature
Purpose of a Sketch
• Quickly & easily get an idea
on paper
– Design sketches
– Freehand technical sketches
– Technical illustrations
Freehand Technical Sketch
Design Sketch
Technical Illustration
Sketching Lines
• Vertical lines
–Top to bottom
• Long straight lines
–Series of short straight lines
Sketching Circles & Arcs
• Begin by lightly constructing a square
Sketching Angles
• Begin with 90° angle
45°
60°
30°
Subdivide once
Subdivide twice
Sketching
• Types of Sketches
–Single-view
–Multi-view
–Pictorials
Single-view Sketching
• Technical purposes
• Front view
–Most descriptive features
Multi-view Sketching
• Technical sketch
–Front view
–Top view
–Side view
Pictorial Sketches
• Quickly communicate an idea
• Three dimensions in one view
–Width
–Height
–Depth
Pictorial Sketches
• Three (3) types
–Isometric
–Oblique
–Perspective
HEIGHT
Isometric Sketch
Isometric Sketching
• Three equally
spaced axes
of 120°
Isometric Sketching
• Receding lines
–Typically 30°
off horizontal
Isometric Sketching
• Circular
shapes
appear as
ellipses
Isometric Ellipses
• Correct ellipse
orientation
Isometric Sketching
• Non-Isometric
lines
–Locate
endpoints and
connect
HEIGHT
Oblique Sketch
WIDTH
Oblique Sketching
• Front view is
drawn true
shape and size
Oblique Sketching
• Receding edges
are usually
drawn at an
angle of 30°,
45°, or 60°
Oblique Sketching
• Circles and
curves drawn on
frontal plane will
appear true
shape and size
Perspective Sketches
1-Point Perspective
2-Point Perspective
Perspective Sketches
• Objects appear as the eye
would see them
• Most realistic type of pictorial
sketch
• Most difficult pictorial sketch to
draw
Drafting Equipment
• Drawing board/table
Drafting Equipment
• Drawing Horizontal lines
– T-square
– Parallel edge
– Drafting Machine
• Arm/elbow type
• Track type
Drafting Equipment - Triangles
• 45° Triangle
– Draw vertical lines and
lines @ 45°
• 30° x 60° Triangle
– Draw vertical lines and
lines @ 30° and 60°
• Adjustable Triangle
– Draw lines @ 0° to 90°
Drafting Equipment - Leads
5B
6B
4B
2B
3B
SOFT
Very soft leads, smudge easily. Used for art
work of various kinds and full-size details in
architectural drawing.
B
HB
F
H
2H
3H
MEDIUM
9H
8H
7H
6H
5H
4H
HARD
Used where extreme accuracy is required. Softer
grades (right) used for line work on engineering
drawings. Draw very light lines.
General purpose work. Softer grades
(right) used for technical sketching,
lettering, freehand work. Harder grades
(left) used for line work on machine &
architectural drawings.
Drafting Equipment - Scales
• Engineer (Civil)
• Mechanical drafter
• Metric
• Architecture
Drafting Media Types
• Vellum
– Tracing paper treated to make it more
transparent
– Most commonly used drafting media
• Polyester drafting films (mylar)
– Very transparent, strong, and lasting
– Strongest drafting media
• Bond
– Standard printing and copy paper
Drafting Media Sizes
E – 44 X 34
48 X 36
D – 34 X 22
36 X 24
C – 22 X 17
18 X 24
B – 17 X 11
12 X 18
A – 11 X 8.5
9 X 12
Lettering
• Practice of adding clear, concise words
on a drawing to help people understand
the drawing
• Notes lettered on rough sketches are
functional and important to operation
• Simple freehand lettering completes the
idea captured in a sketch
Lettering Composition
• Letter and word spacing should be
about uniform
– Space between words should equal the
approximate width of the letter “O”
• Background area between letters
should appear equal
Lettering
• Practice of adding clear, concise words
on a drawing to help people understand
the drawing
• Notes lettered on rough sketches are
functional and important to operation
• Simple freehand lettering completes the
idea captured in a sketch
Lettering Composition
• Letter and word spacing should be
about uniform
– Space between words should equal the
approximate width of the letter “O”
• Background area between letters
should appear equal
Guidelines
• Horizontal guidelines keep letters the
same height
• Vertical guidelines aid the eye in keeping
letters from slanting
• Guidelines are drawn very light and very
thin
– Do not need to be erased
• Uniform vertical space should be left
between lines of letters
Types of Lettering
• ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
– Recognizes the use of single-stroke Gothic
letters
• Letters are formed using a series of strokes
– Typically all capital letters are used
• Most common lettering on Engineering
Drawings
– Vertical, Uppercase, Gothic
Lettering Standards
• Typically, most letters are .125”
(3mm) tall
• Fractions are typically twice as tall as
numbers
• Fraction bar is horizontal and does
not touch the numbers
1
6
2
Drawing Lines
• Use parallel edge (or T-square) to draw
horizontal lines
– Lean pencil at about 60°
• Use triangles to draw vertical and inclined
lines
90° VERTICAL
Drawing Lines at Standard
Angles
HORIZONTAL 0°
HORIZONTAL 0°
Scale Drawings
• Measurements can be full size or in
some exact proportion to full size
• Triangular scales are typically used
to allow for more scales per stick
• Scales are noted on drawings as
– Drawn units = actual units
– Drawn units : actual units
Reading a Mechanical Scale
1 1 111
4 2168
16
0
2
1
3
16
2
FRACTIONAL INCH SCALE (FULL
SIZE)
Reading a Mechanical Scale
11
4
1
2
21 37
2 8
42
44
0
1
40
2
3
FRACTIONAL INCH SCALE (HALF
SIZE)
Reading a Decimal Scale
.74
50
(.02) 0
2
4
1.12
6
1.50
8
2
4
6
1
DECIMAL INCH SCALE (FULL SIZE)
Reading a Decimal Scale
.50 1.70 3.20
5.90
HALF
SIZE
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
DECIMAL INCH SCALE (HALF SIZE)
Reading a Metric Scale
6
24
42
66
mm
1:1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1:1 SCALE (1mm DIVISIONS)
80
Reading a Metric Scale
28
2
62
110
mm
1:2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
HALF SCALE (2mm DIVISIONS)
160
Alphabet of Lines
• Construction lines
– Thin and light
– .020” (0.5mm)
– Hard lead (4H)
• Visible lines
– Thick and dark
– .028” (0.7mm)
– Softer lead (F or HB)
Alphabet of Lines
• Hidden lines
– Thin and dark
– .020” (0.5mm)
– Softer lead (F or HB)
– .125” (3mm) long dashes w/ .030”
(1mm) spaces in between
.125"
.0625"
Alphabet of Lines
• Center Lines
– Thin and dark
– .020” (3mm)
– Softer lead (F or HB)
– .125” (0.5mm) dash in center w/ .030”
(0.1mm) spaces between longer lines
.125"
.75" - 1.5"
.0625"
Alphabet of Lines
• Dimension, Extension, Leader Lines
– Thin and dark
– .020” (0.5mm)
– Softer lead (F or HB)
6.125”
Multiview Drawing
• Another name for orthographic projection
is multiview drawing
• Involves visualization and implementation
– Ability to see clearly in the mind’s eye an
object
– Process of drawing the object
Multiview Drawing
• A system that allows you to make a twodimensional drawing of a threedimensional object

00
5

3




63


5


5
45
3
50

50

5


50
Viewing Objects
• A box is formed by
six mutually
perpendicular
planes of projection
that are located
around the object
Viewing Objects
• Lines are formed on the planes by
projecting the edges of the object onto the
planes
– These images are
called “views”
– There are six views
formed by the planes
of a box
Viewing Objects
• Unfolding the box produces an
arrangement of the six views
TOP
BACK
L.SIDE
FRONT
BOTTOM
R.SIDE
Choosing Views
• Most commonly used
views
– Front View
– Top View
– Right Side View
2.00
TOP VIEW
2.88
1.63
Ø1.52
5.13
1.25
45°
3.50
2.50
2.25
• Most descriptive view is
typically designated as
the Front View
1.50
FRONT VIEW
R. SIDE
VIEW
Choosing Views
• Complex objects require three
views to describe its shape
• Simple objects can be described
with two views
– Ex: Soda Can
• Thin objects can be described with
only one view
– Depth is given in a note
– Ex: Erasing Shield
Object Dimensions
• All objects have 3
dimensions
• Distance from top
to bottom
– Width
• Distance from side
to side
– Depth
• Distance from the
front to back
HEIGHT
– Height
WI
DT
H
H
PT
E
D
Object Dimensions
• Front View
– Shows width & height
• Top View
– Shows height & depth
TOP VIEW
WIDTH
DEPTH
HEIGHT
• Side View
DEPTH
– Shows width & depth
FRONT VIEW
R. SIDE
VIEW
Drawing Views of Objects
• Depth can be projected between
views by using a 45° miter line
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
R. SIDE
Line Types - Visible
• Edges that can be seen in a given
view areVisible or Object lines
• Visible lines are thick and dark
– .028” or .7mm
– F or HB lead
FRONT VIEW
Line Types - Hidden
• Edges that cannot be seen from a
given view are indicated by Hidden
lines
TOP VIEW
Line Types - Hidden
• Drawing hidden lines
– .125” (3mm) dashes
– .0625” (1mm) spaces between dashes
– Thin: .020” (.5mm)
– Dark: F or HB lead
.125"
.0625"
Line Types – Center
• Center lines indicate axes
of symmetry
TOP VIEW
Placement of Views
• Views should be visually balanced
within the working space
2.00
TOP VIEW
5.13
2.88
1.63
1.25
Ø2.22
45°
3.00
2.00
1.75
1.50
R. SIDE VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SPECIAL CAM
R. MIGLIORATO
5/9/03
SCALE 1:1 16-52
12
NBHS
Steps for Centering a
Drawing
• Draw in views using light construction lines
2.00
TOP VIEW
1.50
3.00
R. SIDE
VIEW
FRONT VIEW
5.13
1.50
2.00
Straight Edges
6
5
B
2
1
A
4
• Edges that are
perpendicular to a plane
of projection appear as a
point
3
1
6
2
4
B
5
5
6
3
2
A
1
5
5
6
4
1
1
A
2
4
B
B
2
6
3
3
A
1
5
5
6
4
1
1
A
2
4
B
B
2
6
2
A
4
3
A
1
6
5
B
2
4
1
1
A
B
2
A
4
Straight Edges
• Edges that are parallel to a plane of projection
appear as lines
• Edges that are inclined to a plane of projection
appear as foreshortened lines
TRUE LENGTH
TRUE LENGTH
TRU
E LE
N
POINT
VIEW
GTH
FORESHORTENED
FORESHORTENED
Curved Edges
• Curved edges project as straight lines on the
plane to which they are perpendicular
• Curved edges project as curved lines on the
planes to which they are parallel or inclined
Inclined Surfaces
• Inclined surfaces appear as an edge in
two opposite principal views, and appear
foreshortened (not true size) in all other
principal views.
Oblique Surfaces
• Oblique surfaces do not appear either as
an edge or true size in any principal view.
Angles
• Acute Angle
– Measures less than 90°
• Obtuse Angle
– Measures more than 90°
• Right Angle
– Measures exactly 90°
Vertex
• Vertex
– Point at which two lines of
an angle intersect
Circle
• Radius
– Distance from the center of a circle to its
edge
• Diameter
– Distance across a circle through its center
• Circumference
– Distance around the edge of a circle
• Chord
– Line across a circle that does not pass at
the circle’s center
Circle
• Has 360°
• Quadrant
– One fourth (quarter) of a circle
– Measures 90°
• Concentric
– Two or more circles of different
sizes that share the same center
point
Triangles
• Equilateral
– All three sides are of equal length
and all three angles are equal
• Isosceles
– Two sides are of equal length
• Scalene
– Sides of three different lengths
and angles with three different
values
Triangles
• Right Triangle
– One of the angles equals 90°
• Hypotenuse
– The side of a right triangle that is
opposite the 90° angle
HYPOTENUSE
Quadrilaterals
• Square
– Four equal sides and all angles
equal 90°
• Rectangle
– Two sides equal lengths and all
angles equal 90°
• Trapezoid
– Only two sides are equal length
Quadrilaterals
• Rhombus
– All sides are equal length and
opposite angles are equal
• Rhomboid
– Opposite sides are equal length
and opposite angles are equal
Regular Polygons
• Pentagon
– Five sided polygon
• Hexagon
– Six sided polygon
• Octagon
– Eight sided polygon
Regular Polygons
• Distance across flats
– Measurement across the
parallel sides of a polygon
FLATS
• Distance across corners
– Measurement across
adjacent corners of a
polygon
CORNERS
Solids
• Prism
– Right Rectangular
– Right Triangular
Solids
• Pyramid
• Torus
Geometric Terms
• Circumscribe
– Process of creating a
polygon that fully encloses
a circle and is tangent to all
of the polygons sides
• Inscribe
– Process of creating a
polygon that is fully
enclosed by a circle at its
corners
Geometric Terms
• Bisect
– Divide into two equal
parts
• Tangent
– A line and arc, or two
arcs that touch each
other at one point only
Geometric Symbols
Angle
Parallel
Triangle
Perpendicular
R Radius
Diameter
Square
CL Centerline
Terms & Definitions
• Parliamentary Procedure
– A set of rules for conduct at meetings which
keeps assemblies orderly and guarantees
that all people have equal opportunity to
express themselves
• Item of Business
– A single matter to be discussed or acted on
by an organization
Terms & Definitions
• Minutes
– The official written record of what was said
and done in a meeting
Terms & Definitions
• Standing
– A regular committee which usually serves for
a one year period to plan/carry out activities
that fall w/in a certain subject matter
• Majority vote
– More than half the votes cast
• Two-thirds vote
– Two-thirds or more of the legal votes cast
Terms & Definitions
• Second
– An indication by a member that he or she
wants to consider the motion just proposed
by another member
Terms & Definitions
• Minority
– Less than half
• Majority
– More than half
• Quorum
– The number of members needed to be
present to legally transact business
Motions & their Purposes
• Main motion
– To present an item of business for
consideration and action by the assembly
• Amend
– To change a main motion in some way; add
to, take away from, or substitute words for
• Postpone
– To defer action of a motion until a later time
Steps for Processing a
Main Motion
• Obtain the floor
– Be recognized by the Chair by standing and
saying Mr. Chairman
• Chair assigns the floor
– The Chair recognizes one of the members by
pointing or nodding
• Member makes the motion
– States “I move that …”
• Another member seconds the motion
Steps for Processing a
Main Motion
• Chair restates the motion to the assembly
• Motions is discussed/debated by the
assembly
• Vote is taken on the motion
• Vote is announced and appropriate action
is taken
Order of Business
• Opening
– Call to order, emblem ceremony, pledge to
flag)
•
•
•
•
Roll Call
Reading of Secretary’s minutes
Treasurer’s report
Committee reports
– Standing
– Ad Hoc
Order of Business
• Unfinished business
• New business
• Program
– Speaker, film, etc
• Adjournment
• Refreshments
Raps of the Gavel
& their Purposes
• One rap
–Everyone should be seated
• Two raps
–The meeting is called to order
• Three raps
–Everyone should stand up