Transcript Perception, Attribution, and Learning Internal processes dealing with individual information retrieval, storage,

Perception, Attribution, and
Learning
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Internal processes dealing with
individual information retrieval, storage,
recall, and use
Processes
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Perception
Attribution
Learning
Perception
Perceptual Processes
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Stereotyping
Halo
Projection
Primacy and recency
Selective perception
Denial
Perceptual defense
Expectancy
Self-fulfilling prophecy
Stereotyping and Halo
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Stereotyping
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The application of a standardized impression of a
(readily discernable) group of people to influence
our perception of the traits or behavior of a
particular individual. Basically, generalizing about
many from one or a few
Halo
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Allowing one characteristic of an individual to form
our perception of all of that individuals’
characteristics.
Projection, Primacy and
Selective Perception
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Projection
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Primacy and recency
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Blaming our problems on others or attributing our
feelings to other people.
First impressions count; the most recent thing you
see or hear is what you remember.
Selective perception
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The filtering process, including both selective
attention and selective retention.
Denial, Perceptual Defense
and Expectancy
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Denial
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Perceptual defense
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Refusing to acknowledge or act on
threatening information.
Clinging to the perceptions we have
Expectancy
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Seeing what we expect to see.
Pygmalion, or The SelfFulfilling Prophecy
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The Pygmalion Effect refers to the
phenomenon where an individual - for
example, an employee - performs at a
level consistent with another person’s for example, a manager’s - expectations
Original classroom research
How?
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Attribute subordinate success to their own
efforts
Warmer, more supportive climate
Set higher expectations
Attribution
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Internal vs. external
attribution
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Internal: success
through own abilities
and efforts
External: success
through luck or
others’ help
Self
Others
Success
Failure
What is Learning?
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“The process by which an activity originates or is
changed through reacting to an encountered
situation, provided that the characteristics of the
change cannot be explained on the basis of native
response tendencies, maturation or temporary states,
such as fatigue”
POSITIVE
OR
NEGATIVE
Types of Learning
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Short term vs. long-term
What is learned:
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Declarative knowledge
Procedural knowledge
Cognitive strategies
Motor skills
Attitudes
Training Transfer
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Similarity between training and work
settings and tasks
Adequate opportunity to practice during
training
Provide a variety of stimulus situations
or settings during training to allow
trainees to learn to generalize
Teach general principles
Evaluating Learning
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Questions to ask
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Did training work?
Why or why not?
Approaches to evaluation
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Reaction
Learning
Behavior
Results
Impression Management
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Self-enhancing techniques
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Presenting self in favorable light
Other-enhancing techniques
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Designed to win others’ approval
Flattery (honest or not…)