Transcript Document 7475780

PYRENOMYCETES II
IB – 371
LECTURE 23
November 13, 2003
http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/xmas.html
HYPOCREALES
• Ascomata perithecial, some
cleistothecial
• Wall soft, fleshy, membranous,
white or brightly colored.
• Ostiolar canal periphysate.
• Asci unitunicate, clavate to
cylindrical, persistent.
HYPOCREALES
• Apical paraphyses present in early stages
of ascomatal development.
• True paraphyses absent.
• Ascospores diverse in shape & color; 0, 1,
2, or more septate.
• Stroma, when present, soft to fleshy,
bright colored.
• Conidial states are phialidic.
HYPOCREALES
• Hypocreaceae - Hypocrea,
Hypomyces
• Nectriaceae - Gibberella, Nectria
• Bionectriaceae
• Niessliaceae
HYPOCREACEAE
• Stromatic or ascomata in a hyphal
subiculum.
• Paraphyses originate in innermost centrum
layers but grow downwards as apical
paraphyses.
HYPOCREACEAE
• Asci cylindric or clavate with an apical
thickening perforated by a narrow canal.
• Ascospores one or two celled.
• Anamorphs are phialidic.
HYPOCREA
• Cushion shaped stromata found on
decaying wood, bark or leaves.
• Ascospores are one septate and break
into part spores.
• Anamorphs include Trichoderma and
Gliocladium.
www.hiddenforest.co.nz/fu#3FCC1
HYPOMYCES
• Parasitic on mushrooms.
• Cottony hyphae covers the
mushroom.
• Problem in the mushroom growing
industry.
HYPOMYCES
Hypomyces lactiflorum
From R.
Hanlin, 1990
NECTRIACEAE
• Ascomata pale to brightly colored (pink,
red, blue, dark purple, rarely brown).
• Stromatic or not stromatic.
• Peridium of large
pseudoparenchymatous cells.
• Asci cylindrical, oblong or inflated.
• Asci formed in a basal hymenium.
NECTRIACEAE
• Ascospores hyaline, two celled.
• Conidial states phialidic, eg., Fusarium,
Cylindrocarpon.
NECTRIACEAE
• Nectria galligena - apple & pear
canker
• Nectria cinnabarina - coral spot
• Gibberella zea - red ear rotof corn
• Gibberella fujkuroi - foolish disease of
rice (GA)
NECTRIA GALLIGENA
• http://www.forestpests.org/southern/Dis
eases/nectria.htm
• http://www.inra.fr/Internet/Produits/HYP3/p
athogene/6necgal.htm
NECTRIA CINNABARINA
From R.
Hanlin,
1990
From R.
Hanlin,
1990
Gibberella zeae
Gibberella zeae
CLAVACIPITALES
• One family - Clavacipitaceae.
• Bright or darkly pigmented stromata.
• Narrowly cylindrical asci with thickened
domelike caps perforated by long pores.
• Paraphyses formed on the lateral walls of
ascomata.
• Ascospores are thread-like, long and septate.
• Anamorphs are phialidic, eg., Hirsutella,
Acremonium.
Claviceps purpurea - Ergot of Rye
Ergot Stroma with Perithecia
Claviceps purpurea life cycle
• Sclerotia fall to ground in fall and overwinter.
• Sclerotia germinate in spring to produce
stromata with perithecia.
• Thread-like ascospores are wind-disseminated.
• Ascospores that land on susceptible flower
germinate and grow into the ovary.
• Sphacelia anamorph develops in ‘honey dew’
formed on infected florets.
• Conidia are dispersed to uninfected flowers by
rain or insects.
Claviceps purpurea
• Causes ergot of rye and other grasses
• Sclerotia formed in grass ovary
composed of pseudoparenchymatous
fungal tissue
• May contain high levels of 3 types of
alkaloids:
• Secoergolenes
• Ergolines
• Lysergic acid derivatives
Ergotism
• Ergotism is a disease in animals (including
humans):
• Vascular constriction that may lead to
gangrene
• Hallucinations
• Ergotism involved in/responsible for:
• St. Anthony’s Fire (Middle Ages)
• Salem Witch Trials (1692)
• Modern outbreaks in France, Ethiopia,
India
Cordyceps
• Infects insect larvae (e.g., caterpillars) or
underground fungal fruiting bodies
• Club-like stromata emerge from host,
perithecia embedded in apical region
• Threadlike ascospores break apart while
in ascus
• Cordyceps militaris has medicinal
properties and has a long history of use in
Asia
Cordyceps
Cordyceps ophioglossoides
Cordyceps
Cordyceps
Commercial Products
Cordyceps—the claims
• “Cordyceps is a top quality Chinese energy
tonic. It increases endurance and prevents
allergies, depression, and colds and flu by
enhancing adrenal and lung energy. Cordyceps
is recommended for people who feel short of
breath, achy, or depressed from overwork,
pollution, and bad dietary habits.”
http://shop.store.yahoo.com/winghopfung/corcap.html
Balansia and Epichloë
• Grass and sedge endophytes
• Endophytes are fungi that cause symptomless
infections in plant hosts
• Anamorph Neotyphodium grows intercellularly in plant
host
• Seed transmitted (vertical transmission) if flowers are
produced by infected plants
• Horizontally transmitted in species inhibiting flower
production
• Beneficial to plant:
• Secondary metabolites (alkaloids) produced by
endophyte protects plants from herbivores (“Ryegrass
Staggers”)
• May confer drought resistance to infected plants
OPHIOSTOMATALES
•
•
•
•
Ascomata usually perithecial.
Paraphyses and periphyses absent.
Globose to ovoid, evanescent asci.
Asci formed at base or at base and along
sides.
• Asci released into ascomal cavity.
• Sporothrix and Leptographium
anamorphs.
OPHIOSTOMATALES
• Mostly saprobic wood.
• Associated with bark beetles.
Ophiostoma ulmi
• O. ulmi - 1920-30.
• O. novo-ulmi - 1940-present.
• Dutch elm disease - fungus produces a wilt
toxin (cerato-ulmin)
• Introduced pathogen.
• http://www.gov.mb.ca/natres/forestry/dut
chelm/document.html
• http://www.sdeda.ca/
DIAPORTHALES
• Perithecial, often with long beaks.
• Clavate or clylindrical asci with apical
apparatus and pore.
• Asci may separate from hymenium and lie
free in perithecial cavity.
• Paraphyses & periphyses present.
• Ascospores hyaline to brown, one to
several septate.
• Numerous plant pathogenic species.
CHESTNUT BLIGHT
• Cryphonectria parasitica
• http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/may98
.html
American chestnut trees at Poplar Cove, Joyce Kilmer Memorial Forest, NC
Photo S.V. Streeter, January 15, 1910
American chestnut tree 23 inches dbh, 83 feet tall; Scotland, Connecticut, 1905
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica [Murr.] Barr) on American chestnut
tree (Castanea dentata [Marsh] Borkh.)
Fungus probably entered at broken branch stub on left of trunk; orange stromata
have broken through the lenticels to the surface; concentric ridges of callose are
Chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica [Murr.] Barr) on American chestnut
tree (Castanea dentata [Marsh] Borkh.)