Transcript MANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGI MATERI 1 KONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGI Much. Djunaidi, ST, MT

MANAJEMEN TEKNOLOGI
MATERI 1
KONSEP DASAR TEKNOLOGI
Much. Djunaidi, ST, MT
Jurusan Teknik Industri
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Konsep Dasar Teknologi
• Evolusi Teknologi:
– Teori Perubahan Masyarakat,
– Tingkat Perkembangan Teknologi
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Definisi Teknologi
Siklus Hidup Teknologi
Tingkat Teknologi
Jenis Teknologi
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Teori Perubahan Masyarakat
• Masyarakat tradisional, persiapan lepas
landas, lepas landas, dorongan kearah
kedewasaan, konsumsi masa tinggi
(Rostow).
• Berkembang, lepas landas, industri, postindustri (Farmer, 1969).
• Masyarakat pertanian, masyarakat
industri, masyarakat informasi (Toffler).
Teori Perubahan Masyarakat
(TOFFLER) (1)
• Masyarakat Pertanian (8000 SM – 1700)
– Gelombang pembaharuan  manusia menentukan &
menerapkan teknologi pertanian
– Manusia yang semula berpindah-pindah menjadi suka untuk
tinggal menetap (desa)
– Manusia menggunakan energi dari alam (otot binatang,
matahari, angin & air)
– Masyarakat produsen & sekaligus menjadi konsumen
Teori Perubahan Masyarakat
(TOFFLER) (2)
• Masyarakat Industri (1700 – 1970)
– Revolusi Industri ditandai dengan penggunaan mesin (melipat
gandakan kekuatan fisik manusia)
– Manusia menggunakan energi: minyak, batu bara & gas
– Pemisahan antara masyarakat produsen dengan masyarakat
konsumen (spesialisasi)
– Terjadi perusakan alam akibat eksploitasi sumber daya
– Penetrasi pasar internasional
Teori Perubahan Masyarakat
(TOFFLER) (3)
• Masyarakat Informasi (1970 > 2000)
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Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi dalam peradaban manusia
Penggunaan komputer & mikro elektronik sebagai teknologi inti
Pelipatgandaan kekuatan pikir manusia
Energi alternatif, energi baru, rekayasa genetik,bioteknologi
MATA RANTAI PERUBAHAN TEKNOLOGI
• Kemajuan teknologi mempengaruhi ilmu pengetahuan; merubah
pola hidup manusia dan struktur sosial secara keseluruhan
TEKNOLOGI & MASYARAKAT
Definisi Teknologi (1)
• TEKHNOLOGIA (Greek)
– Techné = art or skill
– Logos = science or study
• Sekumpulan pengetahuan ilmiah, mesin, perkakas serta
kemampuan organisasi produksi yang dikelola secara
sistematik dan efektif (JUDET & PERRIN, 1971)
• Technology is the totality of goods, tools, processes,
methods, techniques, procedures and service that are
invented and put into some practical use (BAYRAKTAR,
1992)
Definisi Teknologi (2)
• Teknologi: suatu input produksi yang penting & dapat
diperjual-belikan di pasar dunia sebagai suatu komoditi.
(UNCTAD)
a) Barang modal (investasi).
b) Tenaga kerja manusia (tenaga terampil – spesialisasi sangat
tinggi).
c) Informasi (sifat teknis atau komersial: pasar, hak cipta, dijual)
Definisi Teknologi (3)
• Suatu pengaturan yang berisikan atas tiga
elemen atau komponen teknologi (paket)
(SANDRETT)
– Elemen material : mesin, peralatan, bahan baku, bahan
setengah jadi, dll.
– Elemen informasi : pengetahuan tentang prosedur, keterampilan
individu & kolektif
– Elemen organisasi : organisasi produksi, jabatan, situasi kerja &
koordinasi
Definisi Teknologi (4)
Definisi Teknologi (5)
• Pengelompokan Konsep Teknologi dari perspektif sosioekonomi
Definisi Teknologi (6)
• Technology includes whatever it takes to convert
resources into products and services (GAYNOR, 1992)
• All the knowledge, products, processes, tools, methods
& system employed in the creation of goods or in
providing services (KHALIL, 2002)
Definisi Teknologi (7)
• Komponen teknologi (TECHNOLOGY ALTAS
PROJECT, 1989):
– Technoware  peralatan manual, mesin otomatis, fasilitas
terintegrasi
– Humanware  kemampuan: operasional, memproduksi,
memperbaiki, adaptasi, inovasi
– Inforware  menilai, menjelaskan, menggunakan fakta,
melakukan klasifikasi
– Orgaware  individual, kelompok, organisasi, industri, nasional
Definisi Teknologi (8)
• Komponen teknologi (ZELENY, 1986):
– Hardware: the physical structure & logical layout of the
equipment or machinery that is to be used to carry out the
required tasks
– Software: The knowledge of how to use the hardware in order to
carry out the required tasks
– Brainware: The reasons for using the technology in particular
way
Komponen Teknologi
Technology, Science & Engineering
• BETZ (1993)
– Science is the discovery & explanation of nature
– Technology is the knowledge of the manipulation of nature for
human purposes
– Engineering is the understanding & manipulation of nature for
human purposes
Siklus Hidup Teknologi (1)
 Technology development: basic technology
 Technology application: technology + application
 Application launch: technology + application + product
launch
 Application growth: technology + application + product
sales
 Technology maturity: technology + application + fall in
product sales
 Degraded technology: minimal product sales + loss of
application + alternative technology
Siklus Hidup Teknologi (2)
TIPE TEKNOLOGI
Materials Technology
Production Technology
Transport Technology
Testing Technology
Process Technology
Machining Technology
Klasifikasi Teknologi (UNIDO)
a. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam peralatan
b. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam produk
c. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam proses
d. Teknologi yang terkandung dalam operasi
Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (1)
• New technology: new introducted or implemented technology
(explicit impact on the way a company produces products or
provides services)
• Emerging technology: not yet fully commercialed but will
become so within about five year
• High technology: refers to advanced or sophisticated
technologies
Klasifikasi Teknologi (Kahlil) (2)
• Low technology: refers to technologies that have permated
large segments of human society
• Medium technology: refers to mature technologies
• Appropriate technology: used to indicate a good match
between the technology utilized and the resources required for its
optimal use
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur
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Unsur: proses-proses teknis yang tidak
terdapat secara khusus pada sesuatu bidang.
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Lima Unsur Teknologi:
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Technology of energy conversion and utilization
Technology of tools & machines
Technology of measurement, observation & control
Technology involved in the extraction & conversion
of industrial raw materials
5. Technology of industrial production processes
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur (1)
• Technology of energy conversion and utilization:
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Major types of energy useful to man
Devices & techniques for the utilization of energy
Devices for energy conversion
Devices for energy concentration & control
Devices for unlimited production of energy
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur (2)
• Technology of tools & machines
– Hand tools
– Machines & machine components
– Machine tools: stationary power-driven machines for
shaping & forming parts made of metal or other
materials
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur (3)
• Technology of measurement, observation & control
– Theory of measurement
– Units & standards of measurement
– Principles & processes by which instruments of measurement
operate
– Common types of measuring instruments
– Special instrument & apparatus used in scientific research
– Major systems of measurement & observation
– Instrumentation & control systems
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur (4)
• Technology involved in the extraction &
conversion of industrial raw materials
– The world’s physical & biological resources
– Technology of the extraction industries
– Primary conversion of raw materials
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Unsur (5)
• Technology of industrial production processes
– Materials processing: the operations that are used to
transform industrial materials from a raw-material
state into finished parts or products
– Metallurgy
– Materials handling in the production process
– Technology of packaging
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang
• Bidang: berbagai kebutuhan manusia, tujuan, barang &
jasa yang mendatangkan kemajuan teknologi
• Delapan bidang pokok teknologi:
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Construction technology
Technology of major industries
Technology of agriculture & food production
Transportation technology
Technology of information processing & of communications
systems
– Technology of the urban community
– Military technology
– Technology of earth & space exploration
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (1)
• Construction technology
– General building construction
– Construction of civil engineering works
– Prefabrication & shop fabrication
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (2)
• Technology of major industries
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Principles of organization of work & production
Manufacturing industries
The fabrication industries
The process industries
The construction industries
The service industries
The merchandising & marketing of consumer goods
Industrial research & marketing of consumer goods
Industrial research & development
Technology of industrial safety
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (3)
• Technology of agriculture & food production
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Technology of agriculture
Crop farming, Flock & stock farming
Technology of hunting & fishing
Food processing, Food preservation
Techniques for controlling the quality of food
Food sources & new product development
The history of agriculture
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (4)
• Transportation technology
– Roads & highways & their construction
– Vehicles & devices for transportation across country & roads &
highways
– Rail transportation
– Stationary conveyance systems
– Water transportation
– Air transportation
– Air - cushion machines
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (5)
• Technology of information processing & of
communications systems
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Communication & information theory
Calculating devices, Office machines, Computers
General information recording devices
Sound recording & reproducing devices
Information recording by the production of visual image: the
technology of photography
Information processing
Major systems of communication
Major system of detection & remote sensing
Electronic component & techniques used in communications
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (6)
• Technology of the urban community
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Basic engineering services of the city
Technology of the basic social services of the city
Technological responses to new urban problems
History of city engineering
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (7)
• Military technology
– Offensive & defensive delivery & payload systems
– Logistic systems
– Purely defensive equipment & systems
Klasifikasi Teknologi
Berdasarkan Bidang (8)
• Technology of earth & space exploration
– Techniques & equipment of surface & underground
exploration
– Techniques & equipment of space exploration
– Techniques & equipment & space exploration
• Parker (1982): 6 tingkat teknologi yang berhubungan
dengan pengembangan produk baru.
– Tingkat 1: repetitive, simple & general (craftsmen)
– Tingkat 6: formulasi unambiguous highly technological goals,
new knowledge, complex systems, sophisticated tools of
measurement, analysis of abstract thinking.
• Lowe (1995): 5 tingkat teknologi.