Transcript EOCT Review and GHSGT Review in Biology Five Domains Cells

EOCT Review and GHSGT Review
in Biology
Five Domains:
Cells
Organisms
Genetics
Ecology
Evolution
CELLS
Domain #1
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Cells
 Prokaryotic
cell

Eukaryotic Cells
Cells
Cells - Animal
 Eukaryotic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg
Cells
 Plant
cell
Cell component
Function
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
Plants
Animals
Nucleus
Control center;
Contains DNA, RNA
absent
present
Present
Cell wall
Surrounds cell membrane
Present
Present
Absent
Cell membrane
Encloses cell; regulates what enter and leaves the cell
Present
Present
Present
Cytoplasm
Site of biochemical reactions
Present
Present
Present
Ribosome
Protein synthesis
Present
Present
Present
Endoplasmic reticulum
Compound synthesis and
Transport; reactions
Absent
Present
Present
Golgi apparatus
Modify, sort, process and
Packages compounds
Absent
Present
Present
Vesicles
Import and export of
Compounds
Absent
Present
Present
Lysosomes
Digestion and recycling
Absent
Present
Present
vacuoles
Maintains structure(plants);
Digestion and waste removal;
Storage
Absent
Present
Present
Mitochondria
Power supply (ATP); site of cellular
Respiration
Absent
Present
Present
Centrioles
Part of the cytoskeleton;
Spindle formation in cell division
Absent
Absent
Present
chloroplasts
photosynthesis
Absent
Present
Absent
The Cell Membrane


Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bi-layer
Cellular Transport
 Active
transport:  Passive transport:
1. Requires ATP
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
 Water:
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated transport
Cells in a solution:
Hypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic
Cellular Reproduction
Mitosis – maintains
chromosome
number;
occurs in body cells
Meiosis – reduces
chromosome
number; occurs in
sex cells
Enzymes
Enzymes can be affected by:
pH
Concentration
Temperature
Enzymes
Lock & Key Model Of Enzyme Specificity
Major Bio-molecules of Life
(Macromolecules)
 Carbohydrates:
(monosaccharides) fuel
 Proteins: (amino acids) build structures
 Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol)
component of cell membranes and
another source of energy
 Nucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and
RNA
Note: ATP is required for all cellular
activities.
Visit SCHS website for more detail
Cellular Energy
 Photosynthesis
converts sunlight to
chemical energy stored as food.
(chloroplast)
 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
 Cellular respiration provides energy to
living things by releasing energy stored in
bonds of glucose (mitochondria)
•.

C6H12O6 + 6 O2
6 CO2 + 6 H2O and energy
Organisms
Domain #2
DNA
 DNA
nucleotide
DNA and RNA
 DNA:
carries genetic information;
nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases;
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine;
bonding : A –T; C – G;
 RNA: carries message from DNA to
ribosomes to build proteins; bases and
bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA:
m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA
DNA Structure
DNA – Storing and Transmitting
Cellular Information
Key Terms:
 Replication
 Transcription
 Translation
 Codon
 Amino acid
 Messenger RNA (m-RNA)
 Peptide chain
Role of DNA in most cells:
Carry genetic information when the
cell divides and reproduces.
(2) Proteins are used to build structures.
(1)
DNA Replication
 Enzymes
unzip the DNA molecule
 New nucleotides move into place on
the exposed DNA strands
 2 new strands of DNA are now formed
 Each new strand contains a copy of the
original DNA
DNA Replication
GENETICS
Domain #2
Levels of
Classification
Cladogram
Gorilla
Chimpanzee
Tiger
Lizard
Fish
Tail Lost
Fur
Four Limbs
Plant and Animals

Tropisms:
1. Gravitropism
2. Phototropism
3. Thigmotropism

Behaviors
1. Reflex
2. Instincts
3. hibernation
Animal Development
Ecology
Relationships between: Organisms,
Populations, Communities,
Ecosystems, and Biomes
1.
2.
3.
4.
Population: all the members of a species
inhabiting a given location
Community: all the interacting
populations in a given area
Ecosystem: the living community and the
physical environment functioning
together as an independent and
relatively stable system
Biomes: global or regional communities
5. Biosphere: that portion of the earth where
life exists
a. Composed of numerous complex
ecosystems.
b. An ecosystem involves interactions
between abiotic (physical) and biotic
(living) factors.
Some Abiotic Factors:
1. intensity of light
2. range of temperatures
3. amount of moisture
4. type of substratum (soil or rock type)
5. availability of inorganic substances such as
minerals
6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen
7. pH
Biotic factors:
 All
the living things that directly or
indirectly affect the environment
 ** Thus, the organisms, their presence,
parts, interaction, and wastes are all biotic
factors.
EVOLUTION
Charles Darwin



Wrote –
On the Origin of Species
Proposed the theory of
natural selection
Organisms with beneficial
adaptations get to mate
and pass on their traits
Natural Selection –
the best fit organisms survive to reproduce
Mechanisms of natural selection include:
• Variation
• Overproduction
• Adaptation
• Descent with modificaion
Evidence of Common Ancestry
 Fossils
 Biogeography
 Embryology
 Homologous
structures
 Analogous structures
 Vestigial structures
Bio-Geographic Distribution of Living
Species
Section 15-3
Beaver
Beaver
NORTH
AMERICA
Muskrat
Muskrat
Beaver and
Muskrat
Coypu
Capybara
Capybara
SOUTH
AMERICA
Coypu and
Capybara
Coypu
Evolution supports all fields of biology.
Embryology
 Figure 2.4.1. Cat and
human embryos in the
tailbud stage. A cat
embryo is shown on
top, a human embryo
below. Note the postanal tail in both,
positioned at the lower
left below the head of
each. The human
embryo is about 32
days old.
Homologous Structures –
common origin, differ in function,
similar in structure. This diagram shows
“Descent with Modification”.
Analogous Structures
 Analogous
structures: differ in structure,
but similar is function.
Example
 Bird wing
 Bat wing
 Insect wing
Vestigial Pelvis of a Whale

The vestigial wings of
ostriches may be
used for relatively
simple functions, such
as balance during
running and courtship
displays. What
defines ostrich wings
as vestigial is that
they are rudimentary
wings which are
useless as wings.
Molecular and Genetic
Evidence to Support Evolution

DNA - Analyze DNA
base sequence

Protein structure
comparison

Pseudogenes –
analyze vestigial
segments of DNA

Examine genes that
determine structure
Proof of Evolution in Biology

Paleontologists –
study fossil in an
effort to complete
the fossil record

All organisms share the
same genetic code, and
make most of the same
proteins.
Patterns in Evolution
Evolution through natural selection is not
random
 Organisms can converge on a body plan
 Related species can diverge from similar
body plans.
 Two or more species can co-evolve in
response to each other
 Convergent,
divergent, and co-evolution