Transcript A Brief Look on Iranian S&T Indicators

A Brief Look on Iranian S&T
Indicators
Country Report for
International Conference on S&T Policy
Research and Statistical Indicators
8-10 Nov. 2006 Colombo, Sri Lanka
Ministry of Science, Research and Technology
(MSRT)
Iranian Research Organization for Science and
Technology (IROST)
Prepared by
Dr. S.M. Masoumzadeh
Introduction
 Iran has relatively developed its own
science and technology infrastructure
compared to other developing
countries in the region.
 It also built up a significant industrial
base, mainly by licensing technology
from abroad.
 The export of high-tech industrial
products is narrow.
Introduction
Cont.
• Iran has pursued a development
strategy of self-reliance with some
degree of success.
• Iran needs to shift towards a more
knowledge-based economy. It needs to
improve the performance of its national
innovation system.
• Iran has to make serious effort to
promote its S&T indicators.
Economic Indicators
•
•
•
•
Population: 69.7 Millions
Growth Rate: 1.29% annually
Urban: 66%
Total adult literacy rate: 77.3% (men
83%, women 70%)
• Share of Education expenditures of
GDP: 11.3%
• 20 million students at schools
Economic Indicators
(Cont.)
• Near 2 million university students
• GDP: $ 177.9 billions
• Non-oil Exports: around $10 billions
• Major exports: petrochemicals, carpet,
agricultural and fisheries products
• Government controls over 80% of the
economy
Contribution of different sectors
in GDP (%)
Sector
2000
2001
2002
2003
Agriculture
14
13
12
11
Industry
33
36
40
41
Services
53
51
48
48
Source :World Development Indicators, 2005
Structure of Manufacturing
• Iranian industries include handicrafts, small
rural and urban workshops, large-scale
consumer goods, and modern heavy industries.
• Small industrial workshop is those employing
9 individuals or fewer both in rural and urban
areas.
• Large-scale manufacturing enterprises are
defined as those employing 10 or more
workers.
Structure of Manufacturing
(Cont.)
This sector comprises of 9 major groups:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Food, beverage and tobacco
Textile, clothing and leather industry
Wood and wooden products industry
Paper and paper industry
Chemicals and chemical
Other non-metallic mineral
Basic metals
Machinery and equipment
Miscellaneous industry
Structure of Manufacturing
(Cont.)
No more than 24000 were classified as large
formal companies but these accounted for
lion’s share of value-added in manufacturing.
The manufacturing, value-added of GDP in 2003
was only 12.5 percent. It engaged 17.8% of the
employed labor force in 1996.
Figure 1 Manufacturing, value added % of GDP 2003
Malaysia
Korea, Rep.
Mexico
Pakistan
Sri Lanka
Turkey
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Brazil
0
So urce:Wo rld D evelo pment 2005
10
20
30
40
Science and Technology Indicators
Research Base
Number of Iranian Governmental Research Institutes
Year
Number
1920 1951 1961
1
5
19
1971
57
1981 1991 2001
86
Source: Science Policy Quarterly 1994+UNDP, 2005
191
216
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
University Education
In 2005-2006, 52% of all enrollments in
university degree programmes was in
the private sector and the rest was in
public sector.
• 28% of all university enrollments were
in engineering.
• Pure science 11%
Science and Technology Indicators
(CONT.)
•
•
•
•
Medical science 6%
Social science 44%
Art 4%
Agriculture 7%
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
• According to official sources, more
than 750,000 students enrolled in
public universities and more than
1,250,000 in private sector in 2005/06.
• The number of faculty members has
been increased to 79,617 (40,536 full
time and 39,081 part time members) in
Academic year 2005/06.
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
• The number of scientific articles
published in international journals,
increased from 281 1n 1992 to 3349 in
2004.
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
R&D Expenditure
The input (resources) are often into
Financial and Human resources:
In last two decades the Iranian R&D
expenditure was fluctuated between 0.2
and 0.4 percent of the GDP. In
comparison with the other developed
countries is far behind,
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
R&D Expenditure (% OF GDP) in some Countries
Country
1999
2000
2001
2002
Germany
2.43
2.49
2.50
2.52
Iran
Japan
Korea, Rep.
Sri Lanka
Turkey
USA
0.34
2.96
2.25
0.63
2.64
0.31
2.99
2.39
0.64
2.71
0.38
3.07
2.58
0.72
2.73
0.52
3.12
2.53
0.66
2.65
Source: World Development, 2005+R&D Society of Iranian Industries
and Mines2006
Science and Technology Indicators
(CONT.)
• The major source of Iranian R&D
expenditure comes from the
governmental sector while the share of
private sector is very small.
• Human resources in science and
technology are one of the key
resources for economic growth.
• Iran with 484 researchers per million in
R&D.
Science and Technology Indicators
(CONT.)
Researchers in R&D (per million people): 1990-2003
Country
Researchers
Germany Iran
3222
484
Japan
Korea,
Rep.
Sri
Lanka
5085
2979
197
Source: World Development Indicators, 2006
Turkey USA
345
4526
Science and Technology Indicators
(Cont.)
Iranian National Innovation System (NIS)
The major actors in the Iranian NIS are
government ministries, research
institutes, universities and majority of
large enterprises.
Innovation activity in Iran is supply-driven.
Conclusion
• Share of the private sector in R&D expenditure
is very small.
• Iran with about 0.4% of GDP allocated to
R&D is far behind industrialized countries.
• The number of scientists and researchers much
lower.
• Iran has expended its universities and the
number of faculty members.
• Students have grown manifold.
Conclusion
• The numbers of scientific articles published in
international journal has been increased
sharply.
• The innovation activities in Iran are driven not
by demand but by government planes.
Thank you