Transcript Document 7384275

International Monitoring
of
Nuclear Test
Technologies In Use
• Legal basis of the international monitoring of nuclear test
•Technologies used illustrated with some recent observations
• Present status of the international network
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NUCLEAR TEST IMMEDIATE SIGNATURES
Breakdown of energy released during a nuclear test
• Mecanical signature
(Pressure wave : Seismic, Infrasound
and Hydroacoustic)
Wave choc
55%
debris
20%
N, γ, β, neutrino
10%
•Radioactive signature
(Aerosols, Gaz)
X Ray
70%
Thermal production
35%
• Thermal signature (Heat flow)
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THE LEGAL BASIS OF THE INTERNATIONAL TREATY
On 10 September 1996, adoption by the United Nations General Assembly
in New York of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) which
prohibits all nuclear test explosions.
The treaty is intended to implement a global verification regime to
monitor compliance with its provisions. The regime comprise a global
network of monitoring stations (the International Monitoring System), an
International Data Centre in Vienna, a consultation and clarification
process, On-site Inspections, and confidence-building measures.
It will enter into force when among others, the 44 states with nuclear
capacity will have ratified.To date 34 states have ratified but China, North
Korea, India, Pakistan and USA have still to do so.
The States Parties establish an Organization (CTBTO) to achieve the
object and purpose of the Treaty.
A Provisional Technical Secretariat is responsible for
• supervising and coordinating the operation of the International
Monitoring System (IMS);
• Operating the International Data Centre (IDC);
• Routinely receiving, processing, analysing and reporting on IMS data;
• Providing technical assistance for the installation and operation of
monitoring stations
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INTERNATIONAL MONITORING SYSTEM
A network of globally-distributed sensors will be
installed in 321 monitoring stations located at
260 facilities in over 80 countries worldwide that
will provide monitoring coverage of all the
continent, oceans and atmosphere.
It utilizes four technologies:
– Seismic (underground seismic waves)
– Infrasound (atmospheric sound waves)
– Hydroacoustic (underwater seismic waves)
– Radionuclide (radioactive isotopes)
The data from the stations flow via a global
communications network into the International
Data Center in Vienna where analysts receive,
analyze, and archive the data.
Data can be provided electronically to States
Signatories.
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SEISMIC MONITORING STATION
The seismic technology consists in measuring the movement of ground
surface and allows the detection of underground and underwater
explosion as well as atmospheric ones close to the ground surface.
• Sensor type: Seismometer
• Station type :Three component and mininetwork
• Three component passband: 0.5-16 Hz and 0.02-1 Hz.
• 50 primary seismic stations will send continuous data and 120
auxiliary seismic stations sending waveform segments.
• 35 primary and 99 auxillary seismic stations are installed and
74% and 59% are already certified.
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SEISMIC MONITORING STATION
IDC Reviewed Event Bulletin:
1 January to 31 July 2007: 17,987 events
Source: CTBTO-R. Pearce/L. Zerbo
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SEISMIC MONITORING STATION
Seismograms recorded at Station
PS31 (Wonju, Republic of Korea)
Nuclear test
Earthquake
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INFRASOUND MONITORING STATION
The infrasound technology consists
inFiltering
measuring
the variation of
Noise
System
detector
atmospheric pressure and allows the detection of low frequency
signals
such as those of atmospheric explosion as well as underground and
underwater ones close to the surface.
• 60 infrasound arrays will send continuous data,
• 38 stations are installed and 62% are already certified.
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INFRASOUND MONITORING STATION
• Sensor type: Microbarometer with passband: 0.02 - 4 Hz
• 4 element arrays
• Triangle with a component at the centre.
Air input
detector
Air inlet
Infrasound Station
1.5
Distance (km)
30 cm
Pressure Captor
0
-1
-1.5
0
Distance (km)
1.5
1 station = 4 elements
sensor + noise filtering system
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INFRASOUND MONITORING STATION
Source: CTBTO-F. Guendel
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HYDROACOUSTIC MONITORING STATION
The hydroacoustic technology consists in measuring the variation of
pressure wave and allows the detection of underwater explosion as well
as atmospheric and underground ones close to the surface.
• Hydrophone with passband of 1 – 100 Hz
• 6 hydroacoustic arrays will send continuous data and 5 "T-Phase"
stations which are seismic stations on coasts which are used to detect
hydroacoustic signals
• 11 hydroacoustic and T phase stations are installed and 91% are
already certified.
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HYDROACOUSTIC MONITORING STATION
The hydroacoustic station at
Diego Garcia recorded the
Tsunami Waveform at frequencies
of about 0.002 to 0.01 Hz even
though the site was not
significantly impacted by the
Tsunami. Water depth is 1500 m.
Source: CTBTO-F. Guendel
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HYDROACOUSTIC MONITORING STATION
Source: W.A. Watkins et al. ,
2004, Deep Sea Research
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RADIONUCLIDE STATIONS (PARTICULATES)
The radionuclide technology consists in collecting aerosols and gaz
samples for measuring the variation of their radioactivity. This
technology is the only one that can prove that the explosion detected by
the others technologies is nuclear.
• Filter : collection efficiency 80% for particulates below diameter of 2 µm
• Station type : 500 m3/hour during 24 hours
• 80 radionuclide stations
• 58 stations are installed and 58% are already certified.
Credit photo: CTBTO
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RADIONUCLIDE STATIONS (PARTICULATES)
• Gamma spectrometry
• Detector: HP Ge relative efficiency above 40 %
• Baseline sensitivity 30 µBq.m-3 for 40Ba
• 9 of 16 radionuclide measurement laboratories are already certified.
Credit photo: Dase & CTBTO
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RADIONUCLIDE STATIONS (PARTICULATES)
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RADIONUCLIDE STATIONS (GAZ – XENON)
• Station type : 0.4 m3/h over 24 hours max
• Measurement type: Beta-gamma coincidence or
HR Gamma spectrometry
• 133Xe (and 135Xe) activity concentration above 1
mBq.m-3 for a 10 m3 sample.
• 40 noble gaz stations
• 14 stations are already installed.
•
CAX16
NOX49
SEX63
RUX61
CAX05CAX17 DEX33
USX75
MNX45
CNX20
JPX38
CNX22
PAX50
AUX09
FRX27
ARX01
NZX46
ARIX
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SAUNA
SPALAX
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RADIONUCLIDE STATIONS (GAZ – XENON)
Source: CTBTO-Saey
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SUMMARY
The Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is putting
into place an International Monitoring System (IMS) of 321 stations of
which 248 are already installed. A private network composed of frame
relay and satellite links called the Global Communications Infrastructure
(GCI) conveys the data measurement to a center in Vienna-Austria.
Once the IMS is completed, the International Data Centre (IDC) will
collect and archive over 1,500 channels of data from the IMS stations,
comprising a daily volume of up to 10 Gbytes.
The IDC will serve as the primary central repository of all data from the
IMS sensors.
Although the implementation rate of the network now stands at 80%, it’s
efficiency was demonstrated by the detection of the nuclear test in
North Korea and as for seismic data, countries are already using them
for their national early warning tsunami centers.
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