Transcript Document 7375705

AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Giving your First Speech: Developing Confidence
Lecture by Prof. Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking
Communication apprehension (CA)
Is the fear of negative reaction you might experience
because you speak out
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A specific type of CA is public speaking anxiety
(PSA)
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(PSA) has two dimensions:
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1. Process anxiety
2. Performance anxiety
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1. Process anxiety
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1. Process Anxiety:
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You are experiencing process anxiety when you
feel unsure about the how-to of speechmaking,
when you lack confidence that you
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Can choose a topic
Do research
Organize your ideas
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2. Performance Anxiety:
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2. Performance Anxiety:
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You are experiencing performance anxiety when
you worry about actually presenting your ideas,
when you fear you will forget your speech
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Develop Skills to Overcome Process Anxiety
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To an extent, you can decrease dread by
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Studying speech principles
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Observing others speak
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Speaking yourself
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Arabic
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Canons of Rhetoric
While studying the “How-to” of speech-making,
educators of speech divided the entire process into
five major categories: (five canons of rhetoric)
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1. Creating the speech
2. Organizing speech materials
3. Choosing effective language
4. learning the major ideas
5. Delivering the speech
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Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
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The principles of invention help you
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Analyze your audience
Select an appropriate topic and purpose
Gather evidence
Develop reasonable and logical arguments explanations
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Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
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1. Consider Your Audience and the Setting
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Think of your audience as a mini-culture
Consider your audience in terms of
 Beliefs
 Values
 Attitudes
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Look around and note factors that might influence your
speaking choices
Notice obvious categories such as gender and age
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Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
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2. Choose a Topic
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Be sure you understand what is expected
Choose to reveal something unusual
Select a significant topic
Consider a story format
Consider your listener’s sensibilities
Try out your ideas on people you trust
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Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
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3. Identify your Purpose
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Identify your reason for speaking
What do you expect from them
 Is your purpose to inform
 Is your purpose to persuade
 Is your purpose to entertain
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Creating the speech:
The Canon of Invention
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4. Gather Speech (Verbal/Visual) Materials
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Definitions
Facts
Examples
Quotations
 Primary material
 (Interview, learn its techniques)
 Secondary material
 (Encyclopedia, handbooks, books, magazines,
newspapers and online resources)
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Organize Your Ideas:
The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
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1. Arrange the ideas
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Introduction: where you orient your audience
toward the subject
Body: where you explain and develop your
major ideas
Conclusion: where you leave your listeners with
a memorable conclusion (Koran)
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Organize Your Ideas:
The Canon of Disposition or Arrangement
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2. Connect your Ideas
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Use simple connectives such as:
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First, next and finally
Have logical divisions
Connectives have a function;
They help your listeners keep their place in the
speech by linking the various points to one
another and to the speech as a whole
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Choose Suitable language:
The Canon of Style
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1. Consider Your Style (use language effectively in both
speaking and writing)
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Choose appropriate vocabulary and grammar for both
the occasion and the audience
Omit offending language that demeans people on the
basis of their sex, race, or age (sexist, racist)
Either define technical terms or eliminate them
Choose more familiar language
Use formal language
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Learn and Present Your Speech:
The Canon of Memory and Delivery
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1. Consider Your Memory
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Memorized delivery is highly risky
Stay away from manuscript delivery (read it to audience)
Avoid spur-of-the moment impromptu delivery (with little
preparation)
Use extemporaneous delivery (you determine in advance
the organizational outline and the major ideas)
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Learn and Present Your Speech:
The Canon of Memory and Delivery
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1. Consider Your delivery
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Make eye contact with your listeners
Have pleasant facial expressions
Avoid a monotone voice
Smile at appropriate times
Assume a posture of confidence
Incorporate appropriate gestures
Be conversational
Stay within the time limits
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AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Develop Strategies to Overcome
Performance Anxiety
Lecture by Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
based on
Clella Jaffe’s Public Speaking
Develop Strategies to Deal with
Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
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Engage in some forms of physical exercise before
the speech
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Focus on relaxing your muscles
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Breathe slowly and deeply
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Physiological Responses
To manage your communication apprehension
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Focus on the speech
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Use visual aids
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Deliver your introduction from notes rather than
reading it or reciting it
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
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Control internal monologue by cognitive
modification
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Identify negative internal monologue
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Replace it with positive internal monologue
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
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Think positively in three areas:
» The message
» The audience
» The speaker
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the message
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Select a topic that interests you
Is beneficial to your audience
Give yourself time for research and organization
Be sure of your pronunciation
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about the audience
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Think that the audience does not consist of expert
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Focus of the purpose of your speech
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Think of how your audience would feel if they had
to give a speech in your native language
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
Think positively about yourself
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Maintain a positive self-image by focusing on the
things you do well
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Remind yourself that your worth as a person is
unrelated to your skill as a novice public speaker
and that competence develops with experience
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
 Use visualization
 Visualization is a form of positive self-talk or
mental strategizing in which you see yourself
successfully performing a complex task
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Develop Strategies to Deal with
Psychological Anxiety
To manage your communication apprehension
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Rehearse
Find a place where you can deliver your speech
loud
Find a private audience (friend, classmates, family)
Focus on communicating in a conversational
manner
The more prepared you are, the better you will feel
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AL AKHAWAYN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
COMMUNICATIONS STUDIES
Cultures guide the "How-to" of speaking
Dr. Mohammed Ibahrine
American Communication Style
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A culture’s core assumptions and norms work
together to produce a preferred or a typical
communication style
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Cultures guide the "How-to" of speaking
Elements of the American communication style are:
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1. Problem orientation
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2. Directness
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3. Explicitness
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4. Personal involvement
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5. Informality
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1 Problem orientation
1. Problem orientation: Speeches are considered as
solving-problem oriented speeches
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2. Directness
2. Directness: speeches moves in a logical way.
“first… next…and finally”
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3. Explicitness
3. Explicitness: the use of clear, concise and precise
language instead of indirect statements and
allusions
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4. Personal Involvement
4. Personal involvement: in line with cultural
emphases on equality and individuality, speakers
relate to their audiences by sharing personal
experiences
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5. Informality
5. Informality: conversational communication is
more effective, yet some degree of formality is still
a must
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