Transcript Document 7364608

PROFESSOR PANKAJ G. JANI. M.MED., FRCS.
DEPT. OF SURGERY, UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI. KENYATTA
NATIONAL HOSPITAL
CHAIR. EXAMINATIONS AND CREDENTIALS COMMITTEE
COSECSA
INT. ONCOLOGY CONF. NAIROBI, OCTOBER
2011
THEME
Translating recent advances
into local practice/clinical
care
RECTAL CANCER
Progress in MULTIMODAL
THERAPY of Rectal Cancer is one
of the BEST examples of success of
Clinical Research in the last 2
decades.
RECTAL CARCINOMA – RECENT
ADVANCES -- OVERALL
1.SPHINCTER SAVING PROCEDURES – UP
FROM 15% TO 50% -- NO COLOSTOMY
(IMPROVED QOL)
2. OVERALL FIVE YR SURVIVAL – UP FROM
30% TO 60%
3. DEPTH OF INVASION – DECREASED BY
40%-60% WITH ADJUVANT Rx
4. LYMPH NODE STATUS AND REC. FREE
SURVIVAL - SAME
RECENT ADVANCES
 1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 2. SURGERY
 3. IMAGING – MRI, CT AND PET
 4. CHEMO/RADIOTHERAPY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
DNA CHIP TECH. – DNA SEQUENCE
CHECKED
-- APC GENE – FAP
-- MISMATCH REPAIR GENES – HNPCC
 SUCH PTS.(5%) PUT ON A
SURVEILLANCE PROG. --PROPHYLACTIC
SURGERY

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 DNA SEQUENCE OF MICROSATELLITE
INSTABILITY
-- GOOD RESPONSE WITH 5 FU CHEMO.
 P21 MARKER POSITIVE – RADIOSENSITIVE
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
 P53 PROTEIN MUTANT EXPRESSED --
RADIORESISTANT
 KRAS, DCC, AND P53 -- IF +ve – POOR PROGNOSIS
 MICROSATELLITE INSTABILITY OR LOW Cox2
EXPRESSION & P21 MARKER – IF +ve – GOOD
PROGNOSIS
SURGICAL CHALLANGES
 I -
STAGING
 II -
USE OF CH/RT
 III -
SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
I - STAGING
DECIDES –TRANS ANAL LOCAL
EXCISIONAPR
.
NEOADJUVANT CH/RT
TRADITIONAL STAGING
 DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION
 CT SCANS
NEWER STAGING METHODS
 DRE
 ERUS – NODES
 CT
RECENT ADVANCES
 DRE
 ERUS
 MRI
RECENT ADVANCES
DRE
RECTAL CA. RECENT ADVANCES
RECENT ADVANCES ERUS
 ERUS
------ BEST FOR NODAL
STATUS
( OPERATOR DEPENDANT)
STAGING
 ERUS
T STAGE ACCURACY 60 – 90%
 N STAGE ACCURACY 60 – 90%
 MRI
 T STAGE ACCURACY 60 – 90%
 N STAGE
40 --- 80%
 ( NODES > 5mm)

CHALLANGE
 PICK UP NODES < 5mm (33%OF ALL
 NODES)
 PICK UP MICRO METS
 USE OF CH/RT
MRI
 HIGH RESOLUTION THIN SLICE (<1mm)
 DEPTH OF EXTRAMURAL SPREAD ACCURATELY
IDENTIFIED (AIDS CIRCUMFERENTIAL RESECTION
MARGIN)
 TRADITIONAL
- PROXIMAL
- DISTAL
 RECENT ADV. – CIRCUMFERENTIAL RESEC. MARGINS
IMP.
MRI
INDICATORS OF MALIGNANT
NODAL INVOLVEMENT
L. NODES
-- IRREGULAR BORDER
-- MIXED SIGNAL INTENSITY OF
NODE
MRI
 DETECTS EXTRAMURAL VENOUS
INVASION (EMVI)
 POOR PROGNOSIS WITHOUT
CH/RT IF EMVI PRESENT
II USE OF CH/RT
(NEOADJUVANT/ADJUVANT)
 PTS WITH POOR HISTOLOGY
 PTS WITH EXTRA MURAL SPREAD (MRI)
 PTS WITH INVOLVED NODES (ERUS)
 PTS WITH EMVI (MRI)
CHEMOTHERAPY
 INJ KYTRIL 3mg
2,250/ INJ DEXAMETHAZONE 8mg
385/ INJ FLUOUROURACIL 5500mg
 INJ OXALIPLATIN 200mg
187,600/ INJ LEUCOVORIN 100mg
 INJ AVASTIN 400mg
Ksh
Ksh
Ksh 12,053/Ksh
Ksh 1,809/Ksh 213,806/Kshs 417903/-
RADIOTHERAPY
 EUROPEAN APPROACH
 (25G/5CYCLES)
 SHORT COURSE – LOW





DOSE – IMMEDIATE
SURGERY
NO CHANGE IN PATH
STAGING
LOWER COST
BETTER COMPLIANCE
DOSE EQUIVALENT TO
30-33G
EXPECT 66%
REDUCTION IN LOCAL
RECURRENCE
 AMERICAN APPROACH
 (45 – 54G/28 CYCLES)
 PROLONGED COURSE –
HIGH DOSE – DELAYED
SURGERY
 BETTER SURGICAL
TOLERANCE
 MORE TUMOR
REGRESSION
 EXPECT >80%
REDUCTION IN LOCAL
RECURRENCE
III SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
TRADITIONAL
 PROCTECTOMY PERFORMED
-- In the DARK
-- Using BLUNT Dissection
-- Without attention to ANATOMIC
Detail
RESULTED in
-- Bloody operation
-- Increased -- Autonomic Nerve injury
-- Local Rec.
SURGERY - TRADITIONAL
 ANT. RESECTION – UPPER ⅓ RECTAL
CA
 LOW ANT.RESCETION - MID ⅓
RECTAL CA
 A.P.R.
- LOWER ⅓ RECTAL
CA
 ANY TUMOR 10cms FROM ANAL
VERGE -- APR
ANATOMY OF RECTUM
 CHANGED FROM TRADIOTIONAL 22
CMS FROM ANAL VERGE TO 15 CMS
 ABOVE THAT IS ALL COLON
RECTAL CARCINOMA RECENT
ADVANCES
 >100 YEARS SINCE MILES DESCRIBED
ABDOMINO-PERINEAL-RESECTION
 >25 YEARS SINCE HEALD DESCRIBED
TOTAL MESORECTAL EXCISION
III SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
RECENT ADV.
TOTAL MESORECTAL EXISION
( EXICISION OF FASCIA
ENVELOPING THE FAT PAD
AROUND THE RECTUM.)
SAUSAGE APPEARANCE
SURGERY – RECENT ADVANCES
 LOW-ANT RESECTION – UPTO ≏
6cms FROM ANAL VERGE
 APR – ONLY IF SPHINCTOR
FUNCTION COMPROMISED
RECTAL CANCER – RECENT
ADVANCES
 CAREFUL ASSESSMENT OF SxS

EARLY DIGNOSIS WITH

ACCURATE STAGING

CH/RT - FOR SELECTED PTS
- PROCTOSCOPY
- SIGMOIDOSCOPY
- DRE
- ERUS
- MRI
OUR SCENARIO
 LATE PRESENTATION
 ADVANCED TUMORS
 ANATOMICAL DISTORTION
 LACK OF NEOADJUVENTS
 SURGERY MORE DIFFICULT
 RESULTS POORER
COMMON PROBLEMS FACING
SURGERY IN AFRICA
• LACK OF GUIDELINES
AND STANDARDS
• INADEQUATE
SUPERVISION
THANK YOU
VEINS OF SMALL & LARGE
INTESTINES
CAECAL CANCER RESECTION
GOALS OF THERAPY FOR RECTAL
CARCINOMA

DECREASE LOCAL RECURRANCE
 OPTIMISE Q.O.L. AVOID
COLOSTOMY
CA. RECTAM (ESP. LOWER
TUMORS)

SHOULD BE DIAGNOSED EARLY

SHOULD GIVE GOOD RESULTS
WITH EARLY THERAPY
LOCAL EXPERIENCE
 31 CASES OF RECTAL CA
 25 APR DONE
 6 LOW ANT RESECTIONS (2 Local Rec.)
SYMPTOMS
 RECTAL BLEEDING
LOWER RECT.
 TENESMUS
 ALT. OF BOWEL HABITS
UPPER.
 ANY G.I. SxS (dyspepsia)
RECTAL CANCER