Transcript Document 7358396

The Beginnings of
Civilization-One
Mrs. Cox
Paisley IB
World History
ONE
Vocabulary
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1. artifacts
2. culture
3. hominids
4.Mary Leakey
5. Donald Johanson
6. Louis Leakey
7. Paleolithic Era
8. nomads
9. hunter-gatherers
10. animism
11. Neolithic Era
12. Neolithic Revolution
13. domestication
14. Pastoralists
15. Megaliths
16. Bronze Age
17. Surplus
18. Division of Labor
19. Traditional economy
20. Civilizations
21. Artisans
22. Cultural Diffusion
Questions for Study 1
► 1.
Name two famous anthropologists and
their discoveries.
► 2. How did human ancestors cross from one
continent to another?
► 3. Give six examples of Stone Age
Technology.
► 4. Describe the art work of huntergatherers.
Questions 1
5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?
► 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on early
people?
► 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from this time
period.
► 8. What was one of the major changes in society around
7000 BC?
► 9. Why did trade increase as food increased?
► 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural societies.
► Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars learned
from him?
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Questions 1
► 11.
What was the result of irrigation?
► 12. Name the four ways in which early cities
differed from villages.
► 13. Name two main characteristics of early
civilizations.
► 14. Name four early civilizations.
► 15. Why did systems of writing develop?
► 16. What factors led to changes in early
civilizations?
Studying The Distant Past
► To
study prehistory, the time before written
records, scientists use a wide variety of
clues. They look to artifacts such as tools,
art, tombs, and weapons left behind by
ancient people. These scientists include
anthropologists, who study human culture,
or a society’s knowledge, art, beliefs,
customs, and values.
Studying The Distant Past
► Anthropologists
called archaeologists did
into settlements to find objects used by
early people. Workers then use tools to
unearth objects people have left behind. By
analyzing the remains archaeologists find,
they can draw conclusions about long-ago
people’s lives and culture.
Human Origins
► Based
on bones and footprints that have
been found, many experts believe that
hominids are early ancestors of humans.
Anthropologists made several significant
discoveries in East Africa. In 1959, Mary
Leakey found hominid bones that were
more than 1.5 million years old. Donald
Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine
skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.
Human Origins
► Lucy
lived over 3 million years ago and
walked upright. Recently, a French team in
Central Africa found 6-7 million-year-old
remains with features from an
Australopithecine and a chimpanzee. Louis
Leakey found hominid remains he called
Homo habilis, which he believed was more
closely related to modern humans than
Lucy.
Human Origins
►A
type of hominids called Homo erectus, or
“upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 million
years ago. More intelligent than earlier
hominids, they used more advanced tools
like flint hand axes. Scientists also think
that Homo erectus was the first hominid to
control fire. Modern humans, Homo sapiens,
appeared 200,000 years ago in Africa.
Human Origins
► Homo
sapiens have larger brains than
earlier hominids, developed more
sophisticated tools and shelters, and
eventually learned to create fire. Homo
sapiens were probably also the first
hominids to develop language.
Spreading Around The World
► Early
human ancestors began to migrate around
the world from Africa to Asia and beyond. About
1.6 million years ago, long periods of freezing
temperatures caused ice sheets to cover the land
and lower ocean levels. These times were called
ice ages. They created bridges of land between
continents, which hominids could cross. In time,
hominids died out and early humans began to
migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all
continents except Antarctica.
Spreading Around The World
► Two
early groups of Homo sapiens that
developed as people moved around the
world were Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons.
Neanderthals lived about 35,000 to 150,000
years ago. Cro-Magnons appeared about
45,000 years ago. They were physically
identical to modern humans. They left
behind fine tools, figurines, and cave art.
Life In The Stone Age
► Early
humans lived during the Stone Age,
which is divided into three sections based
on the kinds of tools used at the time. The
first part of the Stone Age is called the
Paleolithic Ear, a time in which people used
tools made of stone. People lived as
nomads, moving from place to place
following migrating animal herds.
Life In The Stone Age
► As
the Stone Age continued, new
technology helped early humans survive and
improve life. People made tools from
chipped stones, wood, and bone. They
invented spears for easier hunting. Other
technological developments included the
bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes,
needles for sewing clothes from animal
skins, and shelters called pit-houses.
Life In The Stone Age
► Scholars
call these people hunter-gatherers
because they hunted animals and gathered the
fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food.
People also made art as well as musical
instruments. Elaborate images of people and
animals were painted on rocks and in caves. They
may have been created to honor the spirits of the
people and animals, a belief called animism.
Figures were also carved out of many different
materials such as animal teeth and bone.
The New Stone Age
► After
the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic
Era, or New Stone Age. People learned to
make tools and weapons with sharper
edges, which led to the development of
chisels, drills, and saws.
Development of Agriculture
► The
lives of early people changed
dramatically about 10,000 years ago. People
began to grow crops. By growing their food
instead of just hunting animals and
gathering food, early people greatly
improved their chances of survival and
forever changed history. The shift to
farming is called the Neolithic Revolution.
Development of Agriculture
► Farming
started around the time the last ice
age ended. Wild grains such as barley and
wheat appeared due to the warmer weather.
People began to gather the wild grains for
food. This new food source caused the
populations to grow and need even more
food. In time, people experimented with
planting seeds and learned to farm.
Development of Agriculture
► Then,
people began to practice
domestication, the selective growing or
breeding of plants and animals to make
them more useful to humans. Animals such
as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were
also domesticated.
Development of Agriculture
► Farming
spread around the world at
different rates. Some areas had plants and
animals that were easier to domesticate
than those in other places. Locations with
similar climates transitioned to farming at
about the same time, such as China and
Central America.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Agriculture
allowed the world population to
grow by providing a better food supply. It
also change people’s way of life. Some
people became pastoralists, ranging over
wide areas and keeping herds of livestock to
use for food and other materials. Others
began staying in the same place and
settling into permanent villages.
Agriculture Changes Society
►
By about 7000 BC some settlements grew
into towns. Now, instead of hunting and
gathering food, many people worked in the
fields and tended livestock. Since more
food was available, some people could
spend more time doing activities other than
food production. For example, some people
became skilled at making crafts or tools.
Agriculture Changes Society
►
As people produced extra food and products,
trade increased. Settlements traded with each
other to obtain materials and products they
lacked. Societies became more complex and
prosperous, and differences in social status began
to emerge. Some people gained more wealth and
influence than others. Others rose to positions of
authority such as overseeing the planting and
harvesting or running building projects.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Because
men performed the heavier work in
farming, they often held positions of authority. As
a result, men began to gain dominance and status
over women in many agricultural societies.
► Societies began to build structures such as
megaliths for religious purposes. Megaliths are
huge stone monuments that some Neolithic people
in Europe built for burial or spiritual purposes.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Agricultural
societies also had some
negative effects. Warfare increased as
societies fought over land and resources.
Crop failures made life difficult for people
dependant on farming. Disease increased
and spread rapidly among groups of people.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Technology
continued to develop. Animals
pulled plows to produce larger fields of
crops. Pestles and grindstones were used to
prepare grains. Pottery was used for
cooking and storing food. Wool from goats
and sheep was weaved into cloth.
Agriculture Changes Society
► When
people began to use metal the Stone
Age gave way to the Bronze Age. Bronze is
a mixture of copper and tin that produces
objects that are stronger and harder than
copper alone.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Catal
Huyuk in present-day Turkey is an
example of a Neolithic village. Some 5,000
to 6,000 people lived there around 6000 BC.
The village covered more than 30 acres,
making it the largest Neolithic site that
archaeologists have found.
Agriculture Changes Society
► Our
knowledge of Neolithic societies
continues to increase due to recent
discoveries. In 1991 in the Italian Alps a
5,300 year-old frozen hunter nicknamed
Otzi the Iceman was found by hikers. The
cold had preserved his clothing and
belongings, adding to scholars’ information
about this time period.
From Villages to Cities
► Over
time, farmers worked to increase the food
production of their farms. Their most important
advance was the irrigation system, a network of
canals or ditches linking crop fields to streams or
to water storage basins. Irrigation enabled people
to farm more land in drier conditions, producing
more food. Some farmers began to produce a
surplus, or excess, of food. Surplus food allowed
villages to support larger populations.
From Villages To Cities
►
Now that fewer people were needed to
produce food, some people could devote all
of their time to specialized jobs like making
tools or weapons. Others became weavers,
potters, or religious leaders. Division of
labor refers to the economic arrangement
that allows workers to specialize in a
particular job or task.
From Villages to Cities
► Division
of labor is different than the system
of traditional economies that early farming
villages had used. In a traditional economy,
custom, tradition, or ritual is the basis of
economic decisions.
► Having surplus food allowed villages to grow
into cities because not everyone had to
farm. Cities differ from early villages in four
ways.
From Villages to Cities
► First,
they are larger and more populated. Second,
city populations usually included many unrelated
people who came from a wide area. Third, most
early cities had a defined center containing
palaces, temples, government buildings,
marketplaces, and defined boundaries, often
marked by defensive walls. Fourth, early cities
served as centers of trade for merchants and
farmers from the surrounding villages. The first
known city was Uruk, located between the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq.
The First Civilizations
► Civilizations,
or complex cultures, grew out of
early cities. The first civilizations grew up along
river valleys that had enough fertile land to
produce food to support a growing population.
Civilizations use record keeping and have social
classes, specialization of labor, government,
religion, and arts. Major cities in early river valley
civilizations include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on
the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the
Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Huang
He in China.
The First Civilizations
► Governments
in the first civilizations created
laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes,
and organized defense. Religious institutions
included priests who performed rituals, such
as sacrificing animals, to try to gain the
gods’ favor. Priests often became powerful
and closely connected with governments.
The First Civilizations
► As
cities grew, the division of labor increased, and
many new jobs developed. Skilled craft workers,
or artisans, created useful everyday objects such
as baskets and pottery.
► Over time, clear social classes emerged. Rulers
and priests had the highest positions, followed by
merchants, artisans, farmers and unskilled
workers. Slaves often formed the bottom of the
social order.
The First Civilizations
► Systems
of writing developed about 5,000
years ago in order to keep records such as
tax records. Calendars developed to help
farmers keep track of the changing seasons.
Most public buildings in large cities featured
elaborate statues of gods and rulers. Art
and architecture reflected the wealth and
power of the city and its leaders.
Changes in Civilizations
► Civilizations
constantly changed once they were
established. Something as simple as the weather
could help a city grow…or destroy it with drought.
People still had to deal with disease and warfare.
Early civilizations met challenges with new
technologies and knowledge from other societies.
Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural
diffusion. For example, artisans adopted styles
from other civilizations and traders learned
multiple languages.
Changes in Civilization
► Civilizations
went to war to control rich
farmland, important sea ports, or regions
with valuable resources. Through conquest,
civilizations expanded their control over land
and people. Conflicts also arose between
civilizations and nomadic groups, who
sometimes launched raids on villages and
cities. Further conflicts also arose as
nomads and farmers competed over land.