Transcript Document 7355814

Elements of the Arts
Terminology and Vocabulary for
Visual Art, Dance, Drama, and
Music
MUSIC
Elements of Music
 Melody – The tune or main part of a piece of
music. Horizonal notation. What one hums.
 Harmony – 2 or more notes played or sung
at the same time. Vertical notation.
 Rhythm – The organization of notes and
rests to create a beat, meter, and tempo.
Elements of Music
 Tone Color/Timbre – The special sound
characteristics of each instrument, voice or
sound.
 Form – The overall plan or structure of a
musical composition.
 Dynamics – The loudness and softness of
music. The amplitude of the sound wave.
 Tempo – The speed at which a selection is
played
Melody – Terminology and
Components
 Direction - Whether a melody moves higher or lower
or remains the same.
 Step – moving from one note directly to the next
highest or lowest. Whole steps (Major 2nd) and half
(Minor 2nds) steps. One whole step equals 2 half
steps.
 Skip – Moving from one note to another that skips a
note in between. Interval of a 3rd, Major (4 half steps)
or Minor (3 half steps).
Melody – Terminology and
Components
 Leap – Movement of more than a major 3rd.
Large Intervals.
 Pitch – The highness or lowness of sound.
The frequency of the sound wave.
 Shape – The shape created by the motion of
a melody, moving higher, lower, or remaining
on the same pitch.
Melody – Terminology and
Components
 Pitch Notation – Symbols used to tell a
performer what pitch to play or to sing.
 Treble Clef – (G Clef) Symbol used to signify
higher sounding pitches.
 Bass Clef – (F Clef) Symbol used to
designate lower sounding pitches.
Melody – Terminology and
Components
 Treble Clef Lines – Bottom to Top - E, G, B,
D, F - (Every Good Boy Does Fine)
 Treble Clef Spaces – Bottom to Top – F, A,
C, E – (Spells the word FACE)
Melody – Terminology and
Components
 Bass Clef Lines – Bottom to Top – G, B, D,
F, A – (Good Boys Do Fine Always)
 Bass Clef Spaces – Bottom to Top – A, C, E,
G – (All Cows Eat Grass)
Harmony – Terminology and
Components
 Intervals – Distance between two notes.
 Major – pattern of notes (scale) arranged in a
special order w w h w w w h (w = whole step,
h = half step).
 Minor – pattern of notes (scale) arranged w h
w w h w w (Natural) There are other types of
minor scales: Melodic and Harmonic.
Harmony – Terminology and
Components
 Parts – separate lines in music, played or sung by
different instruments or voices.
 Tonic (key) - Resting or home tone. All other tones
are related to the tonic.
 Tonality – Relation of other tones to the tonic or
home tone.
 Texture – Thickness of the sound relative to
harmonic structure (see next slide)
Harmony – Terminology and
Components
 Monophonic – Single unison part – All voices or
instruments produce the same melody at the same
time.
 Homophonic – Different parts are sung or played at
the same time, starting and ending together (Like a
church hymn)
 Polyphonic – Different parts are sung or played at
different times, starting and ending at different times
(Like a round or canon).
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components
 Bar Lines – Vertical lines that divide the staff
into measures.
 Duration – Length of time that a sound or
silence lasts.
 Fermata – Symbol to hold a note for a
duration that is longer than normal.
 Notes – Symbols for Sound
 Rests – Symbols for silence
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components: Notes
 Whole Note – sound lasts for 4 beats
 Half Note – sound lasts for 2 beats
 Quarter Note – sound lasts for 1 beat
 Eighth Note – sound lasts for ½ beat
 Sixteenth Note – sound lasts for ¼ beat
 Dot – adds ½ the value of the note or rest to
the duration
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components: Rests
 Whole Rest – silence for 4 beats
 Half Rest – silence for 2 beats
 Quarter Rest – silence for 1 beat
 Eighth Rest – silence for ½ beat
 Sixteenth Rest – silence for ¼ beat
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components: Meter
 Meter – Organization of beats into a recurring pattern
often notated by a meter or time signature at the
beginning of a composition.
 Duple Meter – Meter in a 2 Pattern (e.g., 2/4 4/4)
Accent on down beat and secondary accent on beat
3 in 4/4 time.
 Triple Meter – Meter in a 3 Pattern (e.g., ¾, 6/8)
Accent on the down beat.
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components: Meter continued
 Simple Meter – Basic beat pattern such as 2/4 or ¾
with one accent per measure.
 Compound Meter –Beat patterns where each main
beat is divided such as 2/4 or 6/8 with more than one
accent per measure.
 Asymmetrical Meter – Beat patterns that are
uneven in number (e.g., 5/4, 7/4, 5/8) where it is not
duple or triple, but combinations of the two.
Rhythm – Terminology and
Components: Tempo
 Tempo – Speed at which music is played or
performed.
 Adagio – Slow
 Largo – Very Slow
 Andante – Medium
 Moderato – Medium
 Allegro – Fast
 Vivace – Very Fast
Tone Color/Timbre - Terminology
and Components
 Instrument Families – Instruments grouped
by common characteristics
 Orchestral Instrument Families:
Woodwind, Brass, String, Percussion,
Keyboard
 Anthropological Classification of
Instruments: Aerophones, Chordophones,
Membranophones, Idiophones,
Electrophones.
Woodwind Instruments
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Flute
Piccolo
Clarinet
Oboe
English Horn
Bassoon
Contrabassoon
Saxophone
Brass Instruments
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Trumpet
French Horn
Trombone
Tuba
Baritone Horn
Euphonium
Sousaphone
Cornet
Bugle
String Instruments
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Violin
Viola
Cello
String Bass
Guitar
Banjo
Mandolin
Harp
Percussion Instruments
 Snare Drum
 Bass Drum
 Timpani
 Triangle
 Xylophone
 Bells
 Chimes
Keyboard Instruments
 Piano
 Organ
 Harpsichord
 Synthesizer – Electronic Keyboard
Anthropology Classifications
Aerophones – Sound produced by air.
Chordophones – Sound produced by string.
Membranophones – Sound produced by skins.
Idiophones – Sound performed by striking or
shaking – physical extension of the body.
 Electrophones – Sound produced electronically.
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Form - Terminology and Components
Binary – Two sections.
Ternary – Three sections.
AB – Binary with 2 different sections.
ABA – Ternary with 2 different sections and
then the first repeated at the end.
 Call and Response – a soloist makes a
statement and the group “answers” or
responds together.
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Form - Terminology and Components
 Repeat Signs – Symbols that indicate to the
musician that something should be played or sung
again.
 Round (Canon) - Performers sing or play the same
melody entering at different times.
 Strophic – Verse and Chorus. Verse is often new
material each time while chorus is usually a repetition
of the same thing after each verse.
Form - Terminology and Components
 Through-Composed – No repeated material
in any part of the composition
 Rondo – ABACABA – 3 sections repeated in
this pattern
 Others covered later in the course in style
periods: Mass, Chant, Motet, Opera,
Symphony, Concerto, Theme and
Variations.
Dynamics - Terminology and
Components
 Forte (f) – loud
 Mezzo Forte (mf) – moderately loud
 Fortissimo (ff) – very loud
 Piano (p ) – Soft
 Mezzo Piano (mp) – moderately soft
 Pianissimo (pp) – very soft
Dynamics - Terminology and
Components
 Crescendo – gradually get louder
 Decrescendo – gradually get softer
 Diminuendo – get softer
 Sforzando (sfz) – suddenly get louder
 Subito Piano – suddenly get softer
Style and Genre in Music
 Style – Individual way elements are put
together dictated by time period, composer,
group, or culture.
 Genre – Type or category of music.
Genre in Music – By no means all
inclusive!
 Bluegrass
 Patriotic
 Blues
 Popular
 Country
 Rap
 Folk
 Rock
 Games
 Spiritual
 Lullabies
 Work Song
 Marches
 Protest song
 Reggae
 Calypso
 Zydeco
 Salsa
VISUAL ARTS
Elements and Components of
Visual Art
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Elements of Art
Principles of Design
Styles
Subject Matter
Processes
Media
Purpose
Elements of Art – Basic parts of a
work of art
• Color – Caused by the amount of
reflected light, hue.
• Form – Unit that has length, width, and
depth (3 dimensions) such as a cube,
pyramid, cone, sphere, or cylinder
• Line – A mark that moves through space
varying in length, width, direction, and
color
Elements of Art continued
• Shape – Area enclosed by a line that has
length and width (2 dimensional) such as a
square, rectangle, triangle, or circle.
• Texture – The way a surface looks or
feels: rough, smooth, prickly, furry, etc.
• Space - Area used by an art work.
• Value - Intensity of colors
Color
• Color group – a family of related hues:
warm, cool, neutral
• Cool colors: greens, blues, and purples
• Warm colors: yellows, oranges, and reds
• Neutral colors: blacks, whites, browns,
and grays.
Color
• Primary Colors – Hues from which all
other colors are made – red, yellow, and
blue.
• Secondary colors – Hues mixed from 2
primary colors – Orange (red/yellow),
Green (blue/yellow), and Purple (red/blue)
Principles of Design – Concepts that
guide artists in creation and organization of
their artwork
• Balance – How elements are arranged to
show a sense of weight.
• Radial - Balanced around a line.
• Symmetrical – Equally balanced on either
side of a central line or point.
• Asymmetrical - Unequally balanced on
either side of a central line or point.
Principles of Design continued
• Contrast – An obvious difference between
two things (light/dark, thick/thin,
large/small)
• Emphasis – Focal point or drawing
attention to important areas or objects in a
work.
• Pattern – Repetition of line, shape, or
color in a work of art.
Styles
• Abstract – Not realistic – adds or
subtracts details to create a personal
design or view.
• Nonobjective – Lines, shapes, and colors
are the subject, No recognizable objects.
• Realistic – Shows how something might
really look such as a person, object, or
scene.
Subject Matter – What the art
work is about
• Portrait – Person, Animal, or group of
people – Focus on face or faces.
• Landscape – View of a natural outdoor
scene such as a forest or fields.
• Still Life – Depiction of an arrangement of
inanimate objects.
Processes - Methods of producing
a work
• Collage – Made with torn or cut fabric or
paper.
• Drawing – Made with dry media such as
pencil or crayon.
• Painting – made with wet media such as
tempera, oil, or watercolor.
• Pottery – Making objects with clay,
hardened by firing in a kiln.
Processes continued
• Sculpture – Modeling, Carving, or joining
of materials into a 3 dimensional form.
• Weaving – Use of thread or yarn to
produce cloth on a loom.
Media – Materials Used to Create
Art
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Clay
Crayon
Fabric
Metal
Paint
Paper
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Papier Mache
Pencil
Stone
Wood
Yarn
Cloth
Purpose
- Reasons People
Make Art
• Fine Art – Meant to be observed, viewed,
or admired.
• Decorative Art – Embellishment of the
surface of objects.
• Expressive Art – Shows emotions or
ideas.
• Practical Art (Functional) – Meant to be
used for a purpose
• Narrative Art – Describes or illustrates
experiences.
DRAMA
Drama Vocabulary
Elements
of Drama
Elements of Production
Elements of Performance
Creative Dramatics
Styles
Elements of Drama –
Essential
Components of a Dramatic Production
Dialogue – A conversation between
2 or more characters to express
thoughts, feelings, and action.
 Conflict – The struggle between
opposing forces, ideas, or interests.
 Monologue – A long speech made
by one person, often called a
soliloquy.
 Plot or Storyline – The plan of
action or events of the story. A plot
has a beginning, a middle, and an
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Elements of Production –
Aspects of a play
outside of the dramatic elements that aid in telling the
story.
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Costumes – A style or characteristic of a
particular country, period, or people and
often worn in a play. Costumes also give
information about:
Character, Setting, Time, Social
status, and other important
information relative to the plot.
Elements of Production continued
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Make-up – The production element, used
on an actor’s body that reflects what the
character should look like. Make-up is
worn by characters on areas of the body
that are visible to the audience (face,
arms, legs)
Elements of Production continued
Music - Music is an element of
production that often helps to create a
mood or to add suspense.
 Props – Any article, except costume or
scenery, used as part of a dramatic
production (e.g., a drinking glass, a purse,
or a weapon)
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Elements of Production continued
Role – The characteristics and expected
social behavior of an individual in a given
position (mother, teacher, employer,
employee).
 Scenery – The painted backdrop or
backgrounds on a theatrical stage that
represent where a story or scene takes
place.
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Elements of Production continued
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Sound – Any sound, not made by an
actor, used to help create the
environment, to establish the mood, or to
aide in telling the story (e.g., thunder,
forest sounds, street sounds)
Elements of Performance –
Components
Necessary to Perform a Dramatic Work
Acting – Pretending to be a
character.
 Character – A person portrayed in a
drama, novel, or other artistic piece.
 Listening – Focusing on what is
being said or acted out onstage and
reacting to it.
 Movement – How the actor uses
his/her body to create a character or
to react to another character.
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Elements of Performance continued
Speaking Style – The manner in which a
character speaks – reflecting cultural or
historical influences.
 Storytelling – The act of telling a story in
the oral tradition.
 Vocal Expression – The manner in
which an actor uses his/her voice in a
performance.
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Creative Dramatics –
a way of learning
through role playing and problem solving.
Improvisation – Creating a character or
situation using movement and speech,
without prior rehearsal.
 Mimicry – The practice of imitating
another person or action.
 Pantomime – A situation where the
performer uses only gestures, body
language, or facial expressions to
communicate feelings, emotions. Uses
only physical movement and NO vocal
sounds.
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Creative Dramatics continued
Role-Playing – Improvising movement
and dialogue to put oneself in another’s
place in a particular situation. This is
often used to examine the person or
situation being improvised.
 Storytelling – The act of telling a story in
the oral tradition.
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Styles – A distinctive manner of
dramatic expression; the way
the dramatic and production
elements are put together.
Folk Tales – Any story or tale passed on
traditionally and based on superstition or
false beliefs.
 Myths – Traditional stories dealing with
supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes.
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Styles continued
Tragedy – Portrays a story in which a
hero (protagonist) has conflict with an
antagonist, and a tragic flaw in the
character of the hero causes his death or
defeat.
 Comedy – Light subject matter, often
makes fun of human nature.
 Historical – Portrays an actual event
from history of life experience.
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DANCE
Dance Vocabulary
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Dance Movement
Elements of Dance
Dance Forms
Purposes
Dance Movement – Human Movement
Combined with Artistic Expression
• Movements – Actions made by the body
• Locomotor Movements – Actions of the body
that cover space (e.g., walk, run, skip, hop, jump,
slide, leap, and gallop).
• Nonlocomotor Movements – Actions of the
body that do not cover space (e.g., bend, stretch,
twist, and swing).
Elements of Dance – The basic parts
of dance: Space, Time, and Force
• Force – The use of energy while moving.
• Space – The area covered by dance movements
(Directions, Level, Pathways, and Shape – see
next slide)
• Time – How fast or slow (tempo), even or
uneven (beat) and how long or short (duration)
the movement is.
Space Elements
• Direction – Forward, backward, sideway, up,
down, etc.
• Level – Distance from the floor.
• Pathways – Patterns that the body makes as it
moves through space on the floor.
• Shape – The design of the body as it exists in
space.
Dance Forms – The Way Movements
are Put Together
• Dance Composition – A group of dance
movements with a beginning, a middle, and an
end.
• Expressive Qualities – Ideas and emotions
communicated by the movement patterns of a
dance composition.
Purposes of Dance – The Reasons
People Dance
• Artistic Dance – Dances created and
performed in order to convey a meaning.
• Ceremonial Dance – Dances that are
performed at celebrations (wedding dances) or
ceremonies (Native American dances for
hunting, war, rain, etc.)
• Recreational Dance – Dances performed in a
social setting (Folk, Line, etc. )
Conclusion
• You are now ready to apply these
elements to thought. How they are
assembled stimulate and drive our
emotions and minds.