Transcript Introduction: Hydro Storage

Introduction:
Hydro Storage
Storage Forms
Storage Scales
small, medium, large, extra large
etc.
Current H2
Storage Methods
Gaseous storage relies on steel pressure
vessels and the compression of hydrogen.
Liquid storage relies on similar pressure
vessels and compression. The liquid hydrogen
must be kept at a very low temperature:
minus 423 degrees F.
Hydrogen Batteries, or solid storage, convert
chemical energy into electrical energy.
Gaseous Storage
• Energy
density of gaseous hydrogen can be improved
by storing hydrogen at higher pressures.
• Tank integrity is an important consideration.
• Volumetric capacity, high pressure and cost are thus
key challenges for compressed hydrogen tanks
Current Uses –
Gaseous Storage
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HyHaulerTM with TriShieldTM storage tanks from
Quantum Technologies (5 kg).
Consumer vehicles (even SUVs!).
General Motors has delivered a hydrogen
powered HUMMER to the California Governor's
office, dubbed the H2H.
Hydrogen refueling stations in Hawai’i,
California, Washington D.C. and metro areas
near you!
HyHaulerTM
1. Compresses and stores
the hydrogen in a
transportable package.
2. Self-sustaining hydrogen
refueling station that
requires only electricity
and water.
3. Cost-effective hydrogen
infrastructure using a
modular transportable
system that can expand
as demand grows.
Arnie’s on board!
The H2H uses a supercharged version of the truck's original Vortec 6000
(6.0-liter V-8) internal combustion engine.
Refueling Stations
Storage Caverns
Hydrogen gas could be
stored in aquifers, salt
caverns or rock caverns, as
well as depleted oil and
gas fields.
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England and France
both have long term
experience in
underground hydrogen
storage.
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Storage Caverns
Storage caverns would be good for
large-scale storage of hydrogen.
Hydrogen stored subsurface can be
piped just like natural gas, so we can
use existing natural gas pipelines.
Storing hydrogen in caverns would be
inexpensive.
Liquid
Storage
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Liquid hydrogen (LH2) tanks can store more hydrogen in
a given volume than compressed gas tanks.
The energy requirement for hydrogen liquefaction is
high; typically 30% of the heating value of hydrogen is
required for liquefaction.
Current Uses –
Liquid Storage
NASA is the primary consumer of
liquid hydrogen for fuel.
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The second stage of the Saturn 5 rocket that took
3 men to the moon used liquid hydrogen.
Large white spheres to
the left of launch pad
are liquid hydrogen
storage tanks.
Hydrogen Batteries
(Solid Storage)
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Amount of energy the device can supply is not limited by
the volume of the device.
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Separate power and energy modules, so the hydrogen
battery can be refueled and reused.
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There are a several options for storing hydrogen for use
in hydrogen batteries, but many have important drawbacks.
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Metal Hydrides are by far the most efficient and
successful.
Metal
Hydrides
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This method uses an alloy that can absorb and hold large amounts of
hydrogen by bonding with hydrogen and forming hydrides. A
hydrogen storage alloy is capable of absorbing and releasing
hydrogen without compromising its own structure.
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The main obstacle in chemically storing hydrogen is the hydrogen to
weight ratio of the storage media. That is, it is desirable to store a
large amount of hydrogen in the lightest unit.
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Once a negative electrode is fabricated, it must be activated, or
charged, with hydrogen. Then, during the battery's lifetime, it
proceeds through many hydriding / dehydriding cycles.
Current Uses – H2 Batteries
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Nickel-Hydrogen batteries are currently the
most popular space battery, with a 10-20 year
lifetime.
• Storage of home wind or
solar energy surplus.
• Cell phones, laptops,
portable electronics & more
• Other remote area
portable electronics, such
as military and medical
equipment.
Hyundai Santa Fe
•60 kW electric drive
system.
•SUV powered by
Panasonic nickel metal
hydride batteries.
•Utilizes the rapid
charging stations installed
around the island of Oahu
under the EV Ready State
Project.
Hyundai Tucson
•Driving range double
that of Hyundai's firstgeneration vehicle, the
Santa Fe FCEV.
•Driving range extended
to 300 km (186 miles)
thanks to its 152-liter (40gallon) speciallydeveloped hydrogen
storage tanks.
GM Sees the
Future
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Powered off of electricity or sunlight.
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The expectation is that early adopters will be
able to fill up their own vehicles at home while
they wait for the hydrogen infrastructure to be
built out.
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Honda has begun work on a similar product.
Areas for
Continued Progress
1.
2.
3.
Storage capacity
Energy costs
Material costs
Promising Solutions
Carbon Nanotubes
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DOE states that a
storage material needs
to store 6.5%
hydrogen by weight.
Carbon nanotubes
may store up to 10% of
their weight in
hydrogen.
-National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Carbon Nanotubes:
Theoretical Examples
A titanium-coated carbon
nanotube could
store 8% hydrogen by
volume.1
A lithium-coated carbon sphere
(a “buckyball” could hold 9% hydrogen
by volume.
1) T. Yildirim and S. Ciraci, "Titanium-Decorated Carbon Nanotubes as a Potential High-Capacity Hydrogen Storage
Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, p. 175501 (2005). (http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050604203624.htm)
2) First principles hydrogen storage on Li12C60. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 128 (30), 9741 -9745, 2006
Carbon Nanotubes
The Department of Energy
awarded $150 million in grant
money in 2004 to focus on
hydrogen storage alone.
One example: James Tour, Rice University
Program goals (2010):
1. Meet DOE’s goal of 6% hydrogen storage by weight
2. Mass produce optimized material
3. Avoid use of precious heavy metals
Source:James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf
Carbon Nanotubes
The Cost:
 “Presently available in bulk
quantities for about $1000/kg,
compared to $1000/g ~7 years
ago.”
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Price of bulk nanotubes decreases
by about a factor of 10 every 3 years.
Source: James Tour, Rice University http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review06/st_26_tour.pdf
Solution 2: Tablets
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Solid storage of
hydrogen
accomplished by
infusing ammonia into
sea salts.
Store 9.1% hydrogen
by weight.
Virtually no necessary
safety precautions with
the solid tablets.
Hydro Pill
“Should you drive a car 600
km using gaseous
hydrogen at normal
pressure, it would require
a fuel tank with a size of
nine cars. With our
technology, the same
amount of hydrogen can
be stored in a normal
gasoline tank.”
-Professor Claus Hviid Christensen,
Department of Chemistry at DTU.
Hydro Pill
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Ammonia is the second most
commonly produced
chemical in the world.
A large infrastructure for
making, transporting and
distributing ammonia
already exists.
YAY, WE HAVE IT!
Small is Profitable
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It is cost prohibitive to store electricity in large
quantities, and so it effectively has a short shelflife – kind of like milk.
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Modularity improves the rate of response to
demand changes – no more overbuilding to meet
expected demands or grid-locking major
transmission lines.
“hasta la vista,
fossil fuels.”