Transcript Linkages between the Climate change, Biodiversity and Sustainable Development

“Đa dạng sinh học và Biến đổi khí hậu - Mối liên quan
đến đói nghèo và phát triển bền vững”
Hà Nội, ngày 22 và 23 tháng 5 năm 2007.
Linkages between the
Climate change,
Biodiversity
and Sustainable Development
Dr. Nguyen Chi Quang; Nguyen Khac Hieu
National Office for Climate Change and Ozone Protection
International Cooperation Department
MONRE
2004
Global Earth Observations — "Good Science for Good Policy"
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Impacts of Climate Change
Health Impacts
Weather-related mortality/heat stress
Infectious diseases
Air quality-induced respiratory effects
Agriculture Impacts
Climate Changes
Temperature
Precipitation
Sea Level
Rise
Crop yields and commodity prices
Irrigation demands
Pests and weed
Forest Impacts
Change in forest composition
Shift geographic range of forests
Forest health and productivity
Water Resource Impacts
Changes in water supply and timing
Water quality
Increased competition for water
Coastal Area Impacts
Erosion of beaches
Inundation of coastal wetlands
Costs to defend coastal communities
Ecosystem Impacts
Global Earth Observations — "Good Science for Good Policy"
Shifts in ecological zones
Loss of habitat and species
Coral reefs threatened
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The Global Climate of the 21st Century
Source: IPCC 2007
World Population: 6,640,000,000
Dramatic Changes: An Ice-free Arctic?
1979-2003:
Progressive
Loss of Arctic Ice
Global Warming caused by human activities has likely
had a discernible impact on many physical and
biological systems at the global level
Projected Impacts of Climate Change
Source: Stern Review 2006
0°C
Food
Water
Global temperature change (relative to pre-industrial)
1°C
2°C
3°C
4°C
5°C
Falling crop yields in many areas, particularly
developing regions
Falling yields in many
Possible rising yields in
developed regions
some high latitude regions
Small mountain glaciers
disappear – water
supplies threatened in
several areas
Significant decreases in water
availability in many areas, including
Mediterranean and Southern Africa
Sea level rise
threatens major cities
Ecosystems
Extensive Damage
to Coral Reefs
Rising number of species face extinction
Extreme
Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves
Weather
Events
Risk of Abrupt and
Increasing risk of dangerous feedbacks and
Major Irreversible
abrupt, large-scale shifts in the climate system
Changes
$444 B.
$2,200 B.
$8,800 B
Climate Change and Sustainable Development
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Climate change is an inter- and intra-generational equity
issue:
• developing countries and poor people in developing
countries are the most vulnerable
• the actions of today will affect future generations because
of the long life-times of the greenhouse gases and the
inertia within the climate system
Priorities in Agenda 21 in Viet Nam
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Soil degradation abatement
Water environment issues
Mineral resources exploitation
Marine, coastal environment
Forest resources and environment
Solid wastes and hazardous wastes management
Biodiversity
Climate changes and natural disasters
Economic Development in Viet Nam
Viet Nam 2006
Viet Nam – WTO
Key Challenges: There is a new global development
Water
Climate
Resources
Biodiversity
Globalization
E-Commerce
Cost containment
Developing Countries
Social
Responsibility
Poverty reduction
Cultural values
Corporate Values
Leader’s Values
Societal Values
Legal
Trade Agreements
Harmonization
Reporting
Materials
Connectivity
Clean energy
Sustainable Development in Viet Nam
Economic growth
Efficiency
Growth
Stability
Social equity
Poverty
Biodiversity/Resilience
Human welfare/
Natural Resources
Empowerment
Pollution
Culture/Heritage
*Inter-generational equity
*Popular participation
Environmental
sustainability
Relative importance of
threats to biodiversity
Source: WB staff assessment 2005
Global Impacts of Sea Level Rise
Source: Stern Review 2006
Global Earth Observations — "Good Science for Good Policy"
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1m
The Impact of Sea Level Rise on
Developing Countries: A Comparative
Analysis; for 84 coastal developing
countries into 5 regions
2m
3m
“For precautionary planning purposes,
SLR in the range of 1m - 3m should
therefore be regarded as realistic”
4m
by WB 2007
5m
GDP
Land
Agri.
Estimate
Indicators
1m
2m
3m
4m
5m
Impacted Area
5
8,5
12
14,2
16
Population
11
18
25
32
35
GDP
10
16
24,5
30,5
36
Urban Extent
11
18
27
35
42
Agriculture Extent
7
12,5
17
21
24
Wetland Area
28
50
68
79
88
Estimate
Indicators
Urban
Impacts of sea level rise 1m
(by NCMH-2004)
All
country
Red River
Delta
North
Central
South
Central
Mekong
Delta
Area
57
11.34
6.38
1.67
37.26
GDP (Bilion USD).
17
Urban Extent
(Th.km2)
51
1
11
26
13
Population
(M.Peoples)
17.12
14.26
0.51
0.72
14.46
Agriculture Extent
(Km2)
5,276
221
64
19
4,972
Wetlands Area
(Km2)
1,731
0
122
330
1,279
Impacted
(Th..Km2)
Population
Impacts of sea level rise (%)
(by WB 2007)
The policy and regulatory framework
on Climate Change
1. Viet Nam signed the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) on 11 June 1992 and ratified it on 16 November 1994. Viet
Nam also signed the Kyoto Protocol (KP) on 3 December 1998 and ratified it
on 25 September 2002.
2. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Viet Nam (MONRE)
was assigned by the Government of Viet Nam as a National Focal Point
Agency for taking part in and implementing the UNFCCC and KP.
3. The Prime Minister has issued a Directive No. 35/2005/CT-TTg dated 17
October 2005 on the implementation of KP to the UNFCCC, as well as a
Decision No.47/2007/QD-TTg dated 06 April 2007 regarding a Action Plan
to carry out the Climate Change and KP in the period of 2007-2010.
4. Minister of MONRE has issued a Circular No. 10/2006/TT-BTNMT dated 12
December 2006 for the Guidelines for developing CDM projects in Viet
Nam.
5. The Financial Mechanism for CDM Projects, including establishment of
CDM
fund, and fee service are being developed by the Ministry of Finance 16
Global Earth Observations — "Good Science for Good Policy"
The Activities to Mitigation, Adaptation
and Disater Preparedness
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“Climate Change in Asia: Viet Nam” Project supported by ADB -1994
“Asia Least Cost GHG Abatement Strategy” (ALGAS) Project supported by
UNDP / GEF / ADB - 1997
“Economics of GHG Limitation” supported by UNEP/GEF - 1998
“Vietnam Coastal Zone Vulnerability Assessment” supported by
Netherlands – 2000-2003
Initial National Communication was completed and sent to UNFCCC
Secretariat in November 2003
“Preparedness for Disasters Related to Climate Change” supported by
Netherlands Red Cross - 2005
Completed National GHG Inventories for 1990, 1993, 1994 and 1998
“Viet Nam National Strategy Study on Clean Development Mechanism(NSS)” supported by Government of Australia through World Bank, 2000-2001.
The Project "Viet Nam: Expedited financing for measures for capacity
building in priority areas (Phase II) - GF/2724-03-4701" funded and assisted
by UNEP/GEF - 2005
Project “Capacity Development for CDM in Viet Nam” launched by UNEP
with the financial support from Netherlands Government, 2003-2005
The Activities to Mitigation, Adaptation
and Disater Preparedness
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“The First National Strategy and Action Plan for Disaster Mitigation” was
developed and approved in 1994 (updated 1995).
“The Second National Strategy and Action Plan for Disaster Mitigation
and Management for the period 2001-2020.”
“The Vietnam Coastal Wetlands Protection and Development Project
(2001-2006),” supported by Netherlands
“The Quang Ngai Disaster Mitigation Project (2003-2005)”
“The Water Disaster Risk Reduction Projects in Da Nang City and Binh
Dinh Province”
“The project Climate Change Impacts in Huong River Basin and
Adaptation in its Coastal District Phu Vang (2005-2007)” is funded by the
Netherlands Climate Assistance Programme (NCAP)
“The Cooperative Programme on Water and Climate (CPWC) (2000–
ongoing)
Climate Change Adaptation Program
Others activities
Viet Nam: Preparation of Second National Communication
under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
This Project with financial supported by GEF/UNEP, 2006-2009 has activities
relevant to the national response to climate change issues such as :
 Institutional framework for project implementation
 National GHG Inventory for 2000
 Programmes Containing Measures to Facilitate an Adequate Adaptation to
Climate Change, including Preparation of National Adaptation Plan
 Programmes Containing Measures to Mitigate Climate Change, including
Preparation of National Policy Framework for GHG Emission Reduction
and Enhancement of Sinks
 Development and Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)
 Research and Systematic Observation
 Education, Training and Public Awareness
 Integration of Climate Change Concerns into Sustainable Development
Strategy
 Information and Networking
 Preparation and presentation of the Second National Communication (SNC)
Project: Capacity Development for National
Climate Change Focal Point in Viet Nam
This Project with financial supported by Government of Denmark,
2007-2009 has activities relevant to the national response to climate
change issues such as :
 Develop Technical Capacity of the National Climate Change
Focal Point (NCCFP) to undertake national awareness raising
and develop capacity of relevant sector agencies at central and
provincial levels in Vietnam
 Provide Access to Information on Climate Change in Vietnam
for Decision-Makers and the General Public
 Development of National Climate Change Database and
Climate Change Scenarios in Vietnam to 2050
 Prepare Strategic Framework for Integration of Climate Change
Mitigation and Adaptation into the National Sustainable
Development Action Plan
Governance Institutions on CDM and Climate Change
1.
2.
3.
The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of Viet Nam (MONRE) was
assigned by Viet Namese Government as a National Focal Agency for taking part in
and implementing UNFCCC and KP in the country.
The International Cooperation Department (ICD) of MONRE was the Designated
National Authority (DNA) for the CDM and Climate Change in Viet Nam
Viet Nam's CDM and Climate Change National Executive and Consultative Board
(CNECB) was also established and chaired by Director General of ICD of MONRE.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
The CDM and Climate Change National
Executive and Consultative Board
EB
International Cooperation Department
Designated National Authority (DNA)
Project
Developers
Consultation
Energy Technical
Expert Group
Non-Enegy Technical
Expert Group
National GHG Inventories and CDM projects
(more 90 PIN&PDD) in ViÖt Nam
Ngoi
Ngoi Duong
Duong
Hydro
power Project
Hydropower
Project
Nam Pia Hydro
power project
Land use change
and Forestry
19,4 Tg - 18,6%
Waste
2,5 Tg -2,5%
Energy
25,6 Tg - 24,7%
Thanh
Hoa
ThanhHoa
Nam Chim Hydro
power project
Brewery
Project
Brewery
Project
Song
Song Muc
Muc
Industrial
processes
3,8Tg - 3,7%
Agriculture
52,5 Tg - 50,5%
Song
SongCon
Con
Hydro
power project
Hydropower
project
Hydro
power Project
Hydropower
Project
1994 National GHG Inventory
Thay ®æi sö
ChÊt th¶i
dông ®Êt vµ
2,602 Tg -
L©m nghiÖp
12,11 Tg -
N¨ng lîng
43,52 Tg -
2,15%
35,94%
10%
Za Hung Hydro power
project
Anaerobic Wastewater
Treatment and Energy
Recovery project
120.8 million tons CO2 equi
N«ng
nghiÖp
Recovery
Project
Recovery
Project
tr×nh c«ng
nghiÖp
46,284 Tg 38,21%
Rang
Gas Gas
RangDong
Dong
C¸c qu¸
5,582Tg 4,61%
1998 National GHG Inventory
Geographical Distributions of
main CDM Project in Viet Nam
Linkages between the UNFCCC, CBD,
Ramsar & World Heritage Conventions
“Climate change is projected to exacerbate the loss of
biodiversity; increase the risk of extinction for many
species, especially those that are already at risk due
to factors such as low population numbers, restricted
or patchy habitats and limited climatic range; and
adversely impact ecosystem services essential for
sustainable development.
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - 2005
Water
Climate
Habitat
Scarcity
Change
Change
OverBiodiversity exploitation
Nutrient
of Oceans Overloading
Loss
Linkages Climate Change, Biodiversity and
Poverty Reduction Issues
2
Poverty
Reduction
UNFCCC – Convention of Biodiversity
1. Ensure that future activities of the UNFCCC are consistent with and
supportive of the conservation and sustainable use of biological
diversity.
2. Develop methods for adapting marine and coastal protected area
management, which may result from climate change.
3. Take measures to manage ecosystems so as to maintain their
resilience to extreme climatic events and to help mitigate and adapt to
climate change.
4. Strengthen networks for data collection and dissemination of
information on coral-reef status and implementation of long-term
trends resulting from global climate change.
5. Promote the monitoring of protected areas susceptible to climate
change.
6. Integrate climate change adaptation measures in protected area
planning, management and design.
UNFCCC – Ramsar Convention
1. Simulate assessment of the vulnerability of coastal wetlands in
relation to climate change and sea level rise.
2. Undertake studies on the role of wetlands in mitigating the impacts
of sea level rise and on the functions and benefits provided by coastal
wetlands in relation to flood and natural hazard management.
3. Recognize fully the important role mangrove ecosystems can play in
mitigating climate change and sea level rise, especially low areas (Red
River and Mekong Delta).
4. Ensure that projects, plan, programmes and policies that can alter the
ecological character or impact negatively on wetlands are subjected to
rigorous impact assessment.
5. Review opportunities for the rehabilitation or restoration of
degraded coastal wetlands and consider the creation of additional
constructed wetlands within coastal areas
UNFCCC – World Heritage Convention
1. Monitor and evaluate risks of climate change to world heritage
properties;
2. Identify measures being taken to mitigate and adapt to climate
change;
3. Take immediate steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions;
4. Ensure domestic emissions do not indirectly or directly damage
properties in other countries;
5. For large scale emitters to provide financial assistance to other
Parties to develop measures to address impacts;
6. To comply fully with obligations under the World Heritage
Convention and act in good faith when engaging in international
negotiations about climate change
Categories of Economic Values
Attributed to Biodiversity and Climate Change
Total Economic Value
Use Values
Non-Use Values
Direct Use
Values
Indirect Use
Values
Options
Values
Existence
Values
Output that can
be consumed
directly
Functional
benefits
Future direct
and indirect
use values
Value from
knowledge of
continued existence
. Ecological
functions
. Flood control
. Storm protection.
. Biodiversity
. Converved
habitats
. Habitats
. Endangered
species
. Food
. Biomass
. Recreation
. Health
Decreasing “tangibility” of value to individuals
Other Non-Use
Values
Intrinsic Value
Lessons from Mitigation and Adaptation
In Viet Nam, 12,000 hectares of mangroves planted
by the Red Cross protect 110 km of sea dykes.
Planting and protection cost US$ 1.1 million but has
reduced the cost of dyke maintenance by US$ 7.3
million per year (and the mangroves have protected
7,750 families living behind the dyke).
Cost-Benefit of mitigation and adaptation
National Office for Climate Change and Ozone
Protection
International Cooperation Department
MONRE
45 Tue Tinh, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Tel: 844 9743195/9743196; Fax: 844 9743200
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.noccop.org.vn
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