Document 7333475
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Here’s
What I
Won’t
Talk
About
Bill Foster
Enrico Fermi’s (1954) Space-Based World Machine
Sulak Festschrift
October 22, 2005
Second Golden Age
of Particle Physics
Livingston Plot
(Parton ECM vs Calendar Year)
Exponentially Available
Resources by mining
the Asteroids with
Self-Replicating
Factories
How to Deal with Today’s Reality
… and the Last, Best Hope
for U.S. Particle Physics
Panofsky,1997
Space
Exploration via
Self-Replicating
Factories is an
Ancient Concept
Penrose, L. S.
Self-Reproducing Machines.
Scientific American 206, 6,
pp. 105-114, 1959.
Chirikjian, Zhou, and Suthakorn,
Self Replicating Robots
for Lunar Development.
IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics
, 7, 4, pp. 462-472, 2002.
• Dave Barry (2003)
Spreading Rate Across the Universe
Stanley Steamer to Stanley the Robotic Vehicle
~ 100 Years
1906 Stanley Steamer
Self-Replicating Robotic Factories
are going to be one of those things
like Flat-Screen TV
that everyone laughs at,
until one day they suddenly appear….
DARPA Grand Challenge Winner (2005)
Today’s Computers are
Already Good Enough
For Self- Replication
Carbon Nanotubes may make the
Space Elevetor a Reality
• The electricity
bill to get
yourself into
low-Earth Orbit
is about $10
The Next Microsoft
®
Opportunity
Will be captured by the first
(Nation, Region, or Planet…)
that builds the first
self-replicating factory
to mine the asteriods.
• HEP accelerators will be an afterthought
• But that’s a different talk…
I am Also Not Going to Talk About:
Future Accelerators
Three Feasible ~$10B Projects:
1. 0.5 TeV e+e- Linear Collider
2. 40 TeV 250 TeV P-P Collider
3. -factory muon collider?
How
Hard
Can
Three Regions:
1. Europe
2. North America
3. Asia
This
Be?
The SCRF Proton Driver
A New High Intensity Proton Source (and more!) at Fermilab
Fermilab
Bill Foster
Sulak Festschrift
October 22, 2005
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Outline
• Fermilab Strategic Context
• Superconducting RF Proton Driver Concept
• Physics program with an intense proton source
– Focus: Long baseline neutrino experiments
– Mention: Other physics possibilities (multi-mission linac)
• Proton Driver Technical Design
• Hardware & Collaborations in Progress
Fermilab Strategic Context
For the last 20 years, Fermilab has operated
the world’s highest energy physics program at
the Tevatron, a ECM = 2 TeV superconducting
proton-antiproton collider.
This will come to an end in ~2009
when the CERN LHC turns on
and begins doing physics at 14 TeV (P-P)
… Fermilab Strategic Context
The International Linear Collider (ILC)
(~ 0.5 TeV e+e-) has been endorsed as the
Next Big Thing in High Energy Physics
Fermilab is an excellent candidate site.
Wide spectrum of opinion as to how likely it is
that the Bush administration will support
a ~$12 B new initiative in HEP any time soon
Shouldn’t put all our eggs in one basket…
On the other hand, the world’s best Neutrino Physics
program will continue at Fermilab in any case
Find a way to do both ILC R&D and Neutrinos
8 GeV Superconducting Linac
• New idea incorporating concepts from the ILC, the
Spallation Neutron Source, RIA and APT.
– Copy SNS, RIA, and JPARC Linac design up to 1.3 GeV
– Use “TESLA” Cryomodules from 1.3 - 8 GeV
– H- Injection at 8 GeV in Main Injector
“Super-Beams” in Fermilab Main
Injector:
– 2 MW Beam power at BOTH 8 GeV and 120 GeV
– Small emittances ==> Small losses in Main Injector
– Minimum (1.5 sec) cycle time (or less)
– MI Beam Power Independent
of Beam Energy
G.W.Foster - Proton Driver
August 5, 2005
8 GeV Superconducting Linac
With X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory
Neutrino
“SuperBeams”
NUMI
OffAxis
8 GeV
AntiProton
SY-120
FixedTarget
Damping Rings
for TESLA @ FNAL
With 8 GeV e+ Preacc.
X-RAY FEL LAB
8 GeV Linac
neutrino
~ 700m Active Length
Main
Injector
@2 MW
Short Baseline
Detector Array
Bunching
Ring
Neutrino Target
& Long-Pulse
Spallation Source
Recirculating
Linac for
Neutrino
Factory
VLHC at
Fermilab
Neutrinos
to “Homestake”
August 5, 2005
Target and Muon
Cooling Channel
G.W.Foster - Proton Driver
8 GeV SC Linac Proton Driver
• A Bridge Program to the Linear Collider
• Near Term Physics Program (neutrinos+)
• Multiple HEP Destinations & Off-Ramps
• A seed project for Industrial Participation
50 cryomodules, 12 RF stations, ~1.5% of LC
August 5, 2005
G.W.Foster - Proton Driver
Fermilab’s Fork in the Road
IF ( ILC 2006 CDR looks affordable) THEN
– Push for ILC ~2010 construction start at Fermilab
– Proceed with 120 GeV Neutrino Program at >1 MW
ELSE
– Superconducting 8 GeV Proton Driver starting 2008
– 30-120 GeV and 8 GeV Beams at 2-4 MW
– Stepping-Stone to delayed ILC construction start ~2012
ENDIF
Fermilab’s New Director Pier Oddone’s presentation to EPP 2010:
Proton Driver Project Plans 2008 Construction Start
- (CD-1 review June ’06)
Proton Driver Physics
• Main Motivation: Neutrino Oscillations
also:
• Neutrino Scattering
• Muons
• Kaons, pions, neutrons, antiprotons …..
The Elephant in the room is the synergy with the International
Linear Collider, the oft-stated highest priority of US HEP.
Neutrino Physics at Fermilab
• Neutrino physics provides the primary motivation for a
new Fermilab Proton Driver.
• The recent APS study on the future of neutrino physics
concluded with some recommendations, amongst
which:
– “We recommend, as a high priority, a comprehensive U.S. program
to complete our understanding of neutrino mixing, to determine the
character of the neutrino mass spectrum, and to search for CP
violation among neutrinos.”
• The program to do this should have as one of its
components:
– “A proton driver in the megawatt class or above and neutrino
superbeam with an appropriate very large detector capable of
observing CP violation and measuring the neutrino mass-squared
differences and mixing parameters with high precision.”
Other Possible Physics with Intense Proton Sources
• Rare decays
(window for new physics)
Intense Kaon beams!
e.g. BR (KL → p o n n )
10-11
~3 x
• Muon physics (with intense muon beams)
– Rare muon decays, Search for lepton flavor violation : m → eg or m → 3e
– Muon EDM, CP violation
– Precision measurements: g-2 (statistics limits understanding systematics)
• Neutrino Factories
• Anti-Proton Physics
– When BTEV ends ~ 2015 Fermilab will have by far the worlds most
intense source of antiproton. What should we do with it ?
• Long pulse spallation neutron source, etc…
Motivations for the Linac Proton Driver
• Protons on Target for Neutrino Program
• 2 MW at 30-120 GeV from the Main Injector
• 0.5 - 2 MW at 8 GeV directly from the Linac
• Clear path for further MI upgrades > 2 MW
Linac
Provides
All Three
• Synergy with International Linear Collider
– Exactly the same technology for E ~ 1.5 8 GeV
– 1.5% Scale Demonstration Project & U.S. Cost Basis
– Seed Project for U.S. Industrialization of SCRF
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab’s Existing Proton Source
FNAL Accelerator Complex
7 major accelerators !)
35 yrs old
35 yrs old
Cockroft-Walton
Drift Tube LINAC
H- ions (750 KeV)
750 KeV 116 MeV
8 GeV Booster
Rapid-Cycling
Synchrotron
Proton Source = Linac, Booster, Main Injector
35 yrs old
Intensity Bottlenecks: Space Charge at Booster Injection, and Booster Beam Loss
Booster & Main Injector
1999
35 yrs old
Booster Synchrotron
Main Injector Synchrotron
15 Hz resonant magnet cycle
8 GeV 150 GeV
400 MeV H- stripped 8 GeV Protons
Protons or Pbars for TeV Collider
Protons MI or Mini-BooNE
120 GeV for PBAR
production or to the NUMI target
Q: WHAT IS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS
NUMBER ?
451
A: this is the number of vacuum
tubes required to accelerate
beams to 8 GeV in Fermilab’s
current Proton Source.
0.5 MW Initial
8 GeV Linac
“PULSED RIA”
11 Klystrons (2 types)
449 Cavities
51 Cryomodules
325 MHz
0-110 MeV
β<1 TESLA LINAC
1300 MHz
0.1-1.2 GeV
2 Klystrons
96 Elliptical Cavities
12 Cryomodules
10 MW
TESLA
Klystrons
Multi-Cavity Fanout at 10 - 50 kW/cavity
Phase and Amplitude Control w/ Ferrite Tuners
H- RFQ MEBT RTSR SSR DSR
Modulator
Modulator
Elliptical Option
48 Cavites / Klystron
DSR
10 MW
TESLA
Multi-Beam
Klystrons
β=.47 β=.47 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.61 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81 β=.81
or… 325 MHz Spoke Resonators
TESLA LINAC 1300 MHz
Modulator
Single
Modulator 3 MW
JPARC
Klystron
Front End Linac
Modulator
β=1
8 Cavites / Cryomodule
8 Klystrons
288 Cavities in 36 Cryomodules
Modulator
Modulator
36 Cavites / Klystron
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
Modulator
Modulator
Modulator
Modulator
β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1 β=1
The Building Block of the 8 GeV Linac
… is the TESLA RF Station:
• 1 Klystron
• 1 Modulator
• ~ 4 Cryomodules
• 36 SCRF CAVITIES
~1 GeV of Beam Energy
Proton Driver: 8 RF Stations
Linear Collider: 500 RF Stations
Understanding the
production cost of
the TESLA RF station
is the most important
question in (US) HEP.
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Fermilab
G. W. Foster – Proton Driver
Proton Driver Linac - Technology Flow
Other Labs &
Universities
JHF
(KEK)
SNS & DESY
<1
Cavity
Design
“SNS / RIA”
H R “PULSED RIA” Beta < 1
_ F SCRF Spoke
Elliptical
Q Cavity Linac Cavity Linac
Fast
Ferrite
Shifters
Pulsed
Modulators
RF
Distribution
SNS
Production
Experience
TESLA
COLLABORATION
Klystrons
Linac
Accel.
Physics
FNAL
ANL / SNS
Cryogenics
SCRF
Spoke
Cavities
SNS (JLAB)
RIA (MSU)
Cavities
325 MHz
RFQ and
Klystron
RIA (ANL)
APT (LANL)
“TESLA”
Elliptical Cavity SCRF Linac
Beta = 1
1300 MHz 8 GeV
1.3 GeV
New FNAL Proton Source Linear Collider Test Facility
PROTON DRIVER
NUMI Beamline &
Infrastructure
Neutrino
Super-beams
Main
Injector
@2 MW
FNAL
Proton Plan
Upgrades
Beam Transport
and Collimation
Design
8 GeV beams:
P, n, , m, e…
Technological
& HEP Applications
BNL / SNS
Cavities and Cryomodules
• 9-cell, 1.3 GHz
Tesla SCRF Cavity
Cryomodule at Tesla Test Facility
The Cavities and Cryo-modules for 85% of the Proton Driver
will be nearly identical to those developed by the TESLA
collaboration for the International Linear Collider
8 GeV Superconducting Linac
With X-Ray FEL, 8 GeV Neutrino & Spallation Sources, LC and Neutrino Factory
Neutrino
“SuperBeams”
NUMI
OffAxis
8 GeV
AntiProton
SY-120
FixedTarget
Damping Rings
for TESLA @ FNAL
With 8 GeV e+ Preacc.
X-RAY FEL LAB
8 GeV Linac
neutrino
~ 700m Active Length
Main
Injector
@2 MW
Short Baseline
Detector Array
Neutrinos
to “Homestake”
Bunching
Ring
Target and Muon
Cooling Channel
Neutrino Target
& Long-Pulse
Spallation Source?
Recirculating
Linac for
Neutrino
Factory
VLHC at
Fermilab
The Baseline Mission:
8 GeV H- Injection and Super Beams in the Main Injector
Neutrino
“SuperBeams”
NUMI
SY-120
FixedTarget
OffAxis
8 GeV
neutrino
8 GeV Linac
~ 700m Active Length
Main
Injector
@2 MW
MORE INFORMATION
• Project site:
http://protondriver.fnal.gov
• Physics and Machine “CD-0” Documents
• Recent Director’s Review:
http://protondriver.fnal.gov/PDrev15Mar05.htm
• Recent ICFA Workshop:
http://www.niu.edu/clasep/HPSLconf/