Transcript Module 06 Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts (continued)

Module 06
Renewable Energy (RE) Technologies & Impacts
(continued)
- Use of RE sources in electricity generation, in transport, and
in other energy consumption modes
- Ecological impacts of RE sources,
and mitigation measures
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
RE technology options:
- Hydroelectric
- Solar Photovoltaics (Solar PVs)
- Solar Thermal (Solar T),
also known as Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
- Wind
- Geothermal
- Marine (Wave and Tidal)
- Biofuels (Biomass, Bioethanol and Biodiesel)
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Anything else?
Wind Energy
Global wind power
installed capacity (GW)
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
2014
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
0
Year
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Wind power report. 7th ed. London: ABS Energy Research; 2010
Wind Energy
Top 05 wind energy users
Country
Total installed
capacity at 2010
(GW)
Proposed installed
capacity in 2020 (GW)
China
42.3
200
USA
40.2
Lack of proper policies
Germany
27.2
55 onshore
10 offshore
Spain
20.7
40 onshore
05 offshore
India
13.1
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Onshore wind farm
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Top 10 onshore wind farms until 2010
Country
Installed capacity (MW)
Start-up year
USA
781.5
735.5
662.5
599.8
585.3
523.3
500
500
458
450
2008
2005
2007
2009
2003
2005
2009
1989
2009
2007
China
USA
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Top 10 proposed onshore wind farms
Country
China
Capacity (MW)
20,000
USA
USA
Sweden
5050
4000
4000
Romania
Australia
USA
New Zealand
1500
1000
500 - 1000
860
USA
Romania
845
700
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Offshore wind turbine
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Large offshore wind farms
Country
UK
Denmark
Capacity (MW)
300
209; 207
UK
194; 180; 172
Denmark
166
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Drawing
of the
rotor
and
blades
of a
wind
turbine
Rotor
blade
Swept
area
Rotor
diameter
Hub height
Tower
Underground electrical
connections (front view)
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Nacelle with
gearbox and
generator
Foundation
(side view)
Wind Energy
Rotor
blade
Rotor
diameter
Gearbox
Generator
Rotor
diameter
Nacelle
Tower
Rotor
blade
Gearbox
Horizontal axis
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Generator
Vertical axis
Wind Energy
Wind turbine size
In a large modern wind turbine,
- the generator can be 100 times of the size of a
similar turbine in 1980,
- blade length has increased almost 8 times over the
same period.
- the rotor diameter ranges from 40 to 90 m, and is
rated between 500 kW and 2 MW
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
"Aerogenerator" is a machine that rotates on its axis and would
stretch nearly 275 m from blade tip to tip and would stand
nearly 600 ft high above the waves.
Each turbine should be able to generate enough electricity to
Prof. R. Shanthini
provide 5,000-10,000 homes.
Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
- Sway (Norway) is planning to build massive floating
turbines that would stick straight out of the sea from
100m-deep floating "masts" anchored to the seabed.
- An EU-sponsored research project is also
investigating 8 –10 MW turbines.
- American and Danish companies are planning 9 MW
machines.
- Full-scale prototypes of all three leading designs are
expected to be complete within three years.
- These projects have the potential to transform the
global energy market forever.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Wind turbine size
However manufacture of a large wind turbine could be
hampered by factors like special reinforced materials and
bespoke lifting vehicles, etc.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
each Lens measuring
112 meters in
diameter, can provide
enough energy for an
average household.
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Noise impact:
- stress symptoms (headaches) appeared in those who were
annoyed by the presence of wind turbines
- wind turbines cause noise in two main ways: mechanical
noise and aerodynamic noise
- the low-frequency aerodynamic noise of wind turbines can
bother people by causing sleep disturbances and hearing
loss, and can also hurt the vestibular system
The vestibular system (which contributes to
balance in most mammals and to the sense
of spatial orientation) is the sensory system
that provides the leading contribution about
movement and sense of balance.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Noise impact (mitigation):
- noise of wind turbines can be significantly minimized by
putting obstacles in the propagation path
- wind turbines should be built at least 2 km away
- house structure could be optimized to block out the noise
- serrated blade can reduce the noise level by, on
average, 3.2 dB
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Sounds
dB
Rocket Launching
180
Jet Engine
140
Thunderclap, Air Raid Siren 1 Meter
130
Jet takeoff (200 ft)
120
Rock Concert, Discotheque
110
Firecrackers, Subway Train
100
Heavy Truck (15 Meter), City Traffic
90
Alarm Clock (1 Meter), Hair Dryer
80
Noisy Restaurant, Business Office
70
Air Conditioning Unit, Conversational Speech
60
Light Traffic (50 Meter), Average Home
50
Living Room, Quiet Office
40
Library, Soft Whisper (5 Meter)
30
Broadcasting Studio, Rustling Leaves
20
Hearing Threshold
0
http://www.jimprice.com/prosound/db.htm
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Visual impact:
- it is subjective
- quantification of potential visual impact can improve the
public’s acceptance of the innovation
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Effect on birds:
- birds are killed by wind turbines
The amount of birds that are
killed this way is negligible
compared to the deadly results
of other human activities such as
deforestation and urbanization.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Effect on birds (mitigation):
- in a wind project in Texas, avian radars are set to
detect birds in the area; the system will stop the wind
turbines if there is a potential danger to birds from the
turbines
- professional wildlife surveys can also be carried out
before wind farm construction in order to understand the
breeding and feeding behaviors of local birds, which
helps to minimize the danger imposed on the birds
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Climate change:
- as the scale of wind farms becomes larger and larger,
they may cause changes in local climates
- in Xilingo League, Inner Mongolia, precipitation data
showed that there has been an unprecedented drought
since 2005, and that this drought developed much faster
in wind turbine areas
- at the San Gorgonio wind fields in the US, giant wind
turbines was found to change local temperatures by warming
surface temperatures at night and cooling them in the
daytime
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Advantages of offshore wind farms
- wind blows harder and stronger so that it can provide
greater productivity when larger turbines are installed.
- huge potentially productive areas available offshore for
large wind farms
- wind turbines are far enough from the shore and
human life that the issue of visual impact and noise can
be ignored.
- some efficient but noisy wind turbines, like two-blades
and downwind ones, can be used.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Effect on animals:
- some sensitive marine mammals, like dab and salmon,
can perceive pile-driving pulses at a considerable
distance during the construction and operation of wind
turbines, thus, their behaviors can be affected by these
off-shore wind turbines
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Climate change:
- Simulations of wind turbine’s climatic impact showed that
wind power can induce climate change at continental scales,
but that its effect on the global average surface temperature
is minor.
- turbulence in the wake of wind turbines may cause
local climate change by mixing the air up and down
- turbulence in the wake of the turbines can also change the
direction of the high-speed wind at the surface, which would
enhance local moisture evaporation
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
The photograph shows the turbulence field behind the Horns
Rev 1 offshore wind turbines (160 MW; Denmark).
Unique meteorological
conditions on 12 Feb
2008 at 1300 hours
resulted in the wind
turbines creating
condensation (i.e.
clouds) of the very
humid air, thus making
it possible to see the
turbulence pattern
behind the wind
turbines.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
http://www.ict-aeolus.eu/about.html
Wind Energy
Environmental Impacts
Hurling ice:
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Leung DYC, Yang Y. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012):1031–39
Wind Energy
Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly
developed over the past 25 years.
Technological status mature
Total share of global
energy mix
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
1.1% of electricity in 2007
4.1% of electricity in 2030 (potential)
Electricity generation by energy source:
Global Consumption Forecast
100%
90%
Coal
80%
Natural gas
70%
Liquids
60%
Nuclear
50%
Hydroelectric
40%
Wind
30%
Other
20%
Solar
10%
Geothermal
0%
2008
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
Year
Source: Tables 11 and 13, International Energy Outlook 2011
Wind Energy
Designed by a student of Arizona State University
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment
Wind Energy
The design will fit on the horizontal steel tube along with
the highway signage.
Shaped like an axis, the wind turbines would be powered by
the whooshing of the wind caused by the passing
vehicles rushing at the average speed of 70 mph.
Each single wind turbine will be able to produce 9.600 kWh
of energy, annually even if the average wind speeds is
kept at a minimum of 10 mph.
This energy is sufficient to light up a 700 sq ft apartment.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
http://archinect.com/blog/article/21451130/here-goes-please-comment
Wind Energy
Mag-Wind Vertical Axis Turbine
1100 kWh/month in a 13 mph average wind;
5 kW rated output in 28 mph wind at sea level with 80%
relative humidity.
Rooftop Urban or Rural Setting
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
- spinning in the lightest of breezes!
- low rotation speed!
- magnetic levitation alternator
- higher reliability
- silent output
- max power 2500 W
2.7m
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
1.8m
Wind Energy
3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota
The project was
commissioned in
March 1999.
The total project
cost was around
Rs. 280 million.
It consists
5 wind turbines of
600 kW each.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Small-scale Wind power in
Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
Villagers are trained to do
all the installation and
maintenance work
themselves.
Turbine parts are made
by local people,
from local materials.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012
Wind Energy
Small-scale Wind power in
Sri Lanka
- by Practical Action
The small wind system is
approximately 12 m tall,
produces 250 W at a rated
wind speed of 8 m/s.
It costs approximately $550,
and should last about 20
years.
It powers compact
fluorescent light bulbs, a
radio, and/or a television.
At peak wind times there is
excess power that can be
used to charge batteries.
Prof. R. Shanthini
Jan 28, 2012