Transcript An Effective Model for Technical Coordination in the Globalising Internet Anne-Rachel Inné

An Effective Model for Technical
Coordination in the Globalising
Internet
Anne-Rachel Inné
ICANN
“Implementing the WSIS Action Plan”
Nairobi
25-26 March 2004
Key points :
• The challenge of international technical
coordination in the 21st Century
• What ICANN does
• What we don’t do
• The evolution of ICANN
• Why and how the private-public
partnership works in policy making
• The market impact of ICANN’s work
ICANN: The Basic Challenge
An effective mechanism for
technical self-management
by the global Internet
community serving a
globalised economy
ICANN: The Basic Bargain
ICANN =
Internationalization
of Policy & Management Functions
for DNS and IP Addressing
systems
+
Multistakeholder Partnership
Technical community, business,
academia, users, and governments
As a private-public partnership, ICANN is
dedicated to:
• preserving the operational stability of the
Internet;
• promoting competition;
• achieving broad representation of global
Internet communities; and
• developing policy appropriate to its mission
through bottom-up, consensus-based
processes
Domain names & IP addresses
 Domain names are the familiar, easy-to-remember
names for computers on the Internet
 e.g., amazon.com, icann.org, nic.org.gh
 Domain names correlate to Internet Protocol
numbers (IP numbers) (e.g., 98.37.241.130) that
serve as routing addresses on the Internet
 The domain name system (DNS) translates domain
names into IP numbers needed for routing packets of
information over the Internet
The DNS Tree
●
TLDs
co
ke
ug
Root Zone File
com
ac
org
icann
afdb
med
www
sfc
edu
ICANN has a limited mission
• Ensure the stable and secure operation of the
Internet's unique identifier systems. In particular,
ICANN:
• 1. Coordinates the allocation and assignment of the
three sets of unique identifiers for the Internet, which
are
a. Domain names (forming a system referred to as "DNS");
b. Internet protocol ("IP") addresses and autonomous system
("AS") numbers; and
c. Protocol port and parameter numbers.
• 2. Coordinates the operation and evolution of the
DNS root name server system.
• 3. Coordinates very limited policy development
reasonably and appropriately related to these
technical functions.
Operating the authoritative functions
•
•
•
•
The IANA function
gTLD formation and Registry Agreements
gTLD Registrar Agreements
Accountability Frameworks for ccTLDs
IANA functions include the following:
• Protocol Parameter Registrations and
Assignments
• Root Management (gTLDs and ccTLDs)
• Numbering Resources for the Regional
Internet Registries
• Administration of the .int Registry
Structure of DNS
What we don’t do:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Content on the internet
SPAM
Financial transactions online
Consumer protection law
Privacy law
Data protection law
Intellectual Property law
E-commerce, e-education, e-government etc.
The Evolution of ICANN
The Internet
Arpa Network – September 1969
The Internet - 2002
Source: peacockmaps.com
IANA
Jon Postel
1943-1998
The various interest groups competing for influence
over the Domain Name and Addressing systems put the
previous administrative process under breaking strain
ITU
(ITU-T)
WIPO
Foreign
Business
IETF
IAB
US
Business
ETSI
OECD
Universities
Intellectual
Property
interests
Developing
World
Governments
ccTLD
registries
Consumers
US Military
Registrars
ISPs
NSI/
Verisign
Registries
UNDP
Root
Server
Operators
Regional
Internet
Registries
Security
Issues
FTC
NATO
FCC
OECD
governments
Jon Postel / IANA
Civil
Society
Groups
W3C
The Need for Change Circa 1996/97
 Globalization of Internet
 Commercialization of Internet
 Need for accountability
 Need for more formalized management
structure
 Dissatisfaction with lack of competition
 Trademark/domain name conflicts
Founding Principles for ICANN
Stability
 Competition
 Private, bottom-up coordination
 Representation
 Internationalization

The public-private policy forum establishes a bottom-up and
ICANN Organizational
balanced mechanism
for interest groupsChart
to arrive at consensus
on issues within a limited technical administrative mandate
President and
CEO
Board of Directors
Nominating Committee
17 voting delegates + 5 non-voting delegates
ICANN staff
ASO
Regional Internet
Registries
- ARIN
- RIPE NCC
- LACNIC
- APNIC
- AFRNIC (when
formed)
Governmental Advisory
Committee (GAC)
GNSO
- gTLD Registries &
Registrars
- Intellectual Property
- ISPs
- Businesses
- Universities
- Consumers
CCNSO
ccTLD registries
(e.g., .us, .uk, .au,
.it, .be, .nl, etc.)
Root Server System Advisory
Committee (RSSAC)
Security and Stability Advisory
Committee (SSAC)
At Large Advisory Committee
(ALAC)
Technical Liaison Group (TLG)
ICANN internationalizing
• ICANN has or is in the process of opening offices in
US, France, Belgium and Australia. Immediate plans
call for physical ICANN presence in African, Latin
America and the other Pacific Rim countries.
• Staff hail from seven different countries. Board
represents twelve nationalities.
• Government Advisory Committee: over 85
governments and 5 International Treaty
Organisations
• Establishment of the ccNSO
• Supporting Organizations and Committees that lead
the bottoms-up policy development process are
internationally based and populated
Board of Directors
• 21 person Board
– 15 voting members
• CEO
• 6 chosen by Supporting Organizations
• 8 chosen by Nominating Committee
– 6 non-voting members
• 4 chosen by Advisory Committees
• 2 chosen by Technical Liaison Group
• Members from:
– Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, France, Germany,
Ghana, Japan, Kenya, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands,
Portugal, Senegal, Spain, UK, USA
Address Supporting Organization
• Represents constituencies involved in IP
Addressing issues
• Address Council composed of 3 seats for each
Regional IP Address Registry (RIR)
•
•
•
•
•
APNIC – Asia Pacific
ARIN – North America (and sub-Saharan Africa)
LACNIC – Latin American and Caribbean
RIPE – Europe (and Northern Africa)
AFRINIC – In development
ICANN and the RIRs have ensured global
resource allocation.
• since 1999, more than 313 million IPv4
addresses globally:
–
–
–
–
30% have been distributed by RIPE,
32% by APNIC,
36% by ARIN, and
2% by LACNIC.
• IPv6, has also received wide distribution:
–
–
–
–
51% distributed by RIPE,
28% by APNIC,
16 % by ARIN and
almost 3% by LACNIC.
Generic Names Supporting Organization
• Represents constituencies involved in generic
Top Level Domain (gtld) issues
Constituencies
• Contracted with ICANN
– gTLD Registries (managers of gTLDs)
– gTLD Registrars (registrars of domain names)
• Not contracted with ICANN
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–
–
–
ISP and Connectivity Providers
Commercial and Business Users
Non-Commercial Users
Intellectual Property Interests
Country Code Names Supporting
Organization
• The CCNSO Council (proposed):
– 18 voting members, including 3 put forward by the
Nominating Committee. To ensure geographic
diversity, ccNSO members in each of the 5
recognized ICANN regions (the Region or Regions)
shall be entitled to elect 3 Council members.
– Observer status will be held by a liaison officer
appointed by the GAC, ALAC, and each of the
ccTLD regional organizations may also appoint a
liaison officer.
Advisory Councils
• Governmental Advisory Committee (GAC) – Key
and Special Relationship with all policy making
and the Board
• Root Server System Advisory Committee
(RSSAC)
• Security and Stability Advisory Committee
(SSAC)
• At Large Advisory Committee (ALAC)
• Technical Liaison Group (TLG)
Partnership in Policy Making
The ICANN policy process is open and
international
• Participation in ICANN is open to all who
have an interest in global Internet policy as it
relates to ICANN's mission of technical
coordination.
• Many online forums which are accessible
through ICANN's website, and the Supporting
Organizations and Advisory Committees have
active mailing lists for participants.
• Public meetings throughout the year. Recent
meetings have been held in Tunisia,
Bucharest, Montreal, Shanghai, Rio de
Janeiro, and Accra. Future meetings will be
held in Rome, Malaysia and South Africa.
ICANN facilitates the development of policies
for setting technical direction in the DNS
through a bottoms-up, collaborative process.
•
•
•
ICANN staff do not create or make Internet policy.
Rather, policy is created through a bottoms-up
process involving all necessary constituencies
and stakeholders in the Internet Community.
Necessary constituencies and stakeholders are
those whose technical or policy making expertise
is required in order to formulate sound policy and
those who are affected by the promulgation of
new policy.
Bottom-up and Consensus based Policy
making:
•
•
•
•
•
•
ICANN policy begins its development in the Supporting Organizations
and Advisory Committees.
Recognition that a policy is needed may arise from anywhere in the
Internet community (including governments).
International bodies such as the ASO, the GNSO or the Country Code
managers are triggered in variety of fashions to consider, suggest or
develop new policy or alterations to existing policy
In particular, they will seek out advice regarding how differing regional
and governmental concerns may affect the outcome of any policy
implementation. The Supporting Organizations have liaisons from the
Governmental Advisory Committee specifically to facilitate such
discussions.
Once submitted to the ICANN Board of Directors for approval, The
Board seeks additional advice from the Advisory Committees, including
the GAC, the IAB and Security and Stability Committee. When the
policy has the demonstrated consensus support of the ICANN
community, the Board will approve it.
ICANN staff will then oversee the implementation of the policy
Policy issues presently under
development:
•
•
•
•
New Sponsored TLDs
Policy process for liberalizing gTLDs
Whois issues and Privacy
WIPO II implementation issues for IGOs
domain names
• Internationalized Domain Names
Market Impact of ICANN’s work
ICANN has introduced robust competition into the
market for domain registration services.
ICANN-Accredited Registrars: 1998-2002
Unit: ICANN-Accredited Registrars
200
150
100
50
0
Registrars
Dec '98
Dec '99
Dec '00
Dec '01
Dec '02
1
98
157
157
162
Competition has saved consumers over $1Billion
annually in domain registration fees
gTLD domain registration prices: 1998-2002
Unit: Widely-available annual cost for gTLD domain registration
$50.00
$45.00
$50.00
1 Registrar
$40.00
$35.00
$30.00
$25.00
$20.00
21 Registrars
$19.00
162 Registrars
$15.00
$15.00
$10.00
$8.95
$5.00
$0.00
Dec '98
Dec '99
Dec '00
Dec '01
$8.95
Dec '02
Demand for gTLD domains has been strong.
Domain name registrations in the Generic Top Level Domains: 1996-2002
Unit: Number of Registrations
92,000
837,000
1,029,000
.name
.biz
.info
.com/.net/.org
32,142,000
28,200,000
29,866,000
10,717,000
627000
1,541,000
3,362,000
As at Dec 96 As at Dec 97 As at Dec 98 As at Dec 99 As at Dec 00 As at Dec 01 As at Dec 02
Competition* in the Registrar market for gTLDs has
resulted in a deep, diverse market.
Market Share of Registrars for .com/.net/.org: 1996-2002
Unit: Percent of Registrations
100% = 627,000
100% = 10,716,618
100% = 29,865,715
3.7%
4.6%
100.0%
91.7%
As at Dec 96
As at Dec 99
31.0%
Others
4.4%
4.9%
5.1%
5.5%
BulkRegister.com
eNom
Go Daddy Software
Melbourne IT
10.6%
Tucows
9.6%
Register.com
29.0%
Network Solutions
As at Dec 02
* Agreements among DOC, ICANN and VeriSign introduced competition in November 1999
Such focus on e-commerce has contributed to ccTLDs
having grown as a proportion of total registrations.
ccTLD vs. gTLD registration share: 2001-2003
Unit: Percent of total registrations
ccTLDs
11,009,000
28%
gTLDs
28,200,000
72%
as of 1-Jan-01
ccTLDs
19,711,000
38%
gTLDs
31,824,000
62%
as of 1-Jan-03
ccTLD Registration Totals
Domain Name Registrations in the Top 30 ccTLDs
Unit: Number (or estimated number) of Registrations as of 1-Feb-2003
.de
Germany
6,117,000
.tv
Tuvalu
261,589
.uk
United Kingdom
4,168,000
.be
Belgium
238,000
.nl
Netherlands
827,000
.ws
Western Samoa
182,504
.it
Italy
767,000
.fr
France
163,000
.ar
Argentina
626,596
.us
United States
529,000
.pl
Poland
175,000
.cc
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
500,000
.no
Norway
165,000
.jp
Japan
568,195
.cn
China
179,000
.kr
Korea, Republic of
507,000
.se
Sweden
148,436
.br
Brazil
427,000
.tw
Taiwan
123,000
.ch
Switzerland
500,000
.ru
Russian Federation
156,000
.dk
Denmark
428,276
.nz
New Zealand
144,251
.au
Australia
342,895
.cz
Czech Republic
131,000
.ca
Canada
310,000
.za
South Africa
133,836
.at
Austria
272,000
.nu
Niue
111,795
Responding to a Vision
Some proposals at WSIS
• Internet issues of an international nature related to public
polices should be coordinated
• The Internet has evolved into a global public infrastructure and
its governance should constitute a core issue of Information
society agenda. As a consequence, there of
1) Call on the Secretary General of the ITU, in his capacity as
the chairman of HLSOC (High Level Summit Organization
Committee), in collaboration with relevant international
organizations, to establish and co-ordinate a TF to investigate
and make proposals on the governance of Internet by 2005…
Context Observation
• The public-private partnership, bottom-up, inclusive model for
technical coordination - built over the last 35 years and now
encapsulated in ICANN - involves tens of thousands of
practitioners on a daily basis. Their results are impressive:
– On a global level, there are an estimated 55 million domain names
that are registered.
– The Regional Internet Registries and ICANN have allocated
approximately 313 million IP v4 addresses since 1999. with
enough to last for another 20 years.
– The new generation of IP v6 addresses contains 3.4 by 1038
addresses. Many billions for every person alive today.
Approximately an IP address for each atom of the known Universe.
• Every day 750 millions users use the Internet to achieve
approximately 18 billion resolutions per day. That is more than
five times the number of phone calls in the North America per
day. The system works. It works in the same way for all users of
the Internet.
ICANN is open to all interested participants,
processes are open, and your views are
important and welcomed!
For information and where you might want to
be involved, see:
• http://www.icann.org