Transcript Document 7300833

Cold War
Albert Einstein
• German born American immigrant
• Famous physicist and teacher
• Convinced Franklin D. Roosevelt to create the
Manhattan Project
• Famous for this theory of relativity (E=mc²)
• Taught at Princeton University
Harry S. Truman
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President from 1945 (when president Franklin D. Roosevelt died) to 1952
Democrat
Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan to end World War II
Led the United States into the Cold War after unsuccessful meeting with Joseph
Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, at Potsdam
Introduced the Cold War foreign policies of containment and the Truman
Doctrine
Committed U.S. troops to the Korean War
First President to send U.S. aid into the situation that would become the Vietnam
War
Domestic agenda known as the Fair Deal
Won famously close election against Thomas Dewey in 1948
Promoted civil rights, although Congress was unreceptive
Desegregated the Armed Forces
Well known for candor that made him unpopular during his time but endeared him
to historians
Truman Doctrine
• Cold War foreign policy that decreed the United
States would provide economic and military aid to
any nation attempting to fight against communism
• President Harry S. Truman first exercised this
principle by asking Congress for $500 million to
send to Greece and Turkey in 1947, when Greece
was fighting a civil war, one side of which sought to
establish a communist government
Fair Deal
• Domestic agenda of Harry S.Truman
• Largely an attempt to continue New Deal
policies in the year after World War II
Potsdam
• Site of meeting between Allied leaders Winston
Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Harry S. Truman
(who had recently become president when Franklin
D. Roosevelt died) just before the end of World
War II
• Truman alienated Stalin, contributing to the tension
that led to the onset of the Cold War
Manhattan Project
• The secret program to develop an atomic bomb
during World War II
• Worked in New Mexico
• Staffed by a number of famous scientists, including
Robert J. Oppenheimer and Albert Einstein
• Resulted in the creation of the atomic bomb, as used
by the United States against Japan to end World War
II
Atomic Bomb
• A weapon of mass destruction
created by splitting atoms
• Used by the United States
against Japan to end World
War II
• Developed by the secret
Manhattan Project
United Nations
• International organization founded at the end of
World War II to help arbitrate international
disagreements before they led to wars; agreed upon
by Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin
D. Roosevelt at the Yalta conference
• First met in San Francisco in 1945
• Eleanor Roosevelt served as first U.S.
representative to this organization
Marshall Plan
• Massive program of American aid to help European
nations rebuild after World War II
• Undertaken during the presidency of Harry S.
Truman
• Helped solidify western European opposition to the
Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact
Soviet Union
• Communist nation that rose to be a world
superpower during the Cold War
• Had been American ally in World War II but
quickly became rival once the war ended
• Formed protective alliances, including COMECON
and the Warsaw Pact
• Included Russia and 15 republics in Eastern Europe
and Northern Asia
Berlin Airlift
• American and British joint effort
to supply residents of West Berlin
with food and other necessities
after the Soviet Union blockaded
the small, free enclave in the
middle of East Germany.
• Made Berlin an international
symbol of freedom
Taft-Hartley Act
• Strongly anti-labor union legislation that the
Republican controlled Congress pushed through in
1947
• Repealed large sections of the Wagner Act; vetoed
by Harry S. Truman, who had not been particularly
kind to organized labor but said that this bill was too
harsh
• Congress overrode Truman’s veto
• Helped to build Truman’s campaign to unexpectedly
win reelection in 1948
Berlin Wall
• Constructed by the Soviet Union in 1961
to keep East Germans from leaving the
country by entering the democratic West
Berlin
• Site of John F. Kennedy’s famous visit in
1963
• Destroyed in 1989 when East and West
Germany re-unified as the Eastern
European Bloc of Soviet satellites began
to fall apart
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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President of the United States from 1952 – 1960
Was a general in World War II
Led Allied forces on D-Day
Republican
Intensified the Cold War
Minimal Domestic policy
Oversaw the creation of the interstate highway
system
• Warned of the military industrial complex
Cold War
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• The extended tensions between the United States
and its allies (NATO) and the Soviet Union and its
allies (Warsaw Pact)
• Began at the end of World War II
• Major events include the Berlin airlift, the Korean
War, the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban missile
crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, and the
Vietnam War
• Major American foreign policy ideas relating to the
Cold War include containment, brinkmanship,
deterrence, the domino theory, and détente
• Ended during George Bush’s presidency when first
the Warsaw Pact and then the Soviet Union
dissolved
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• Cold War alliance formed in
1949 by the United States and
western European nations for
mutual defense against the
Soviet Union and its
communist satellite states
(which later organized the
Warsaw Pact)
Warsaw Pact
• Military Pact between the Soviet Union and
its communist satellite states to serve as a
counterbalance to NATO
• Formed in 1955
Korean War
• Conflict early in the Cold War in which the United
States lead a United Nations force aiding South
Korea in a civil war against communist North Korea
• War ended in a stalemate, as North and South Korea
agreed to settle to the borders they had before the
Korean War
• Division of Korea into north and south has been
caused by Soviet and American occupation during
World War II
Deterrence
• American Cold War policy pioneered Dwight D.
Eisenhower.
• Posited that the threat of “massive retaliation”Eisenhower’s term for an American nuclear
attack- would prevent the Soviet Union from
undertaking policies it knew would upset the
United States.
• Operated as a justification for an increase in the
American supply or armaments, particularly
nuclear weapons.
McCarthyism
• Nickname for the national witch-hunt for
communists that took place during the
height of the Cold War, in the early
1950’s
• Nickname comes from the leadership in
this effort by Wisconsin Senator Joseph
McCarthy
• Came to an end when McCarthy took on
the U.S. Army, which was too powerful
for his intimidation tactics
• McCarthy was censured by the Senate in
1954 for his conduct
John F. Kennedy
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President from 1960-1963, when he was assassinated
Won an extremely close election over Richard M. Nixon in 1960
Youngest president ever elected
Only Catholic president ever
Domestic agenda was called the New Frontier and was largely
uneventful
• Oversaw the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Cuban missile crisis, United
States response to the construction of the Berlin Wall, and the early
escalation of American involvement in the Vietnam War
• Lyndon B. Johnson pushed civil rights legislation through Congress,
in part by evoking Kennedy’s memory.
New Frontier
•Domestic agenda of
John F. Kennedy; most
of Kennedy’s
proposals failed to
make it through
Congress
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA)
• Government agency which coordinates
American exploration of outer space
• Founded by Dwight D. Eisenhower when
he was president
• Greatest moment was when Apollo 11
mission (1969) landed men on the moon,
meeting John F. Kennedy’s challenge to
beat the Soviets to the moon before the
end of the 1960’s
Bay of Pigs invasion
• Ill fated 1961 secret mission to
overthrow the communist Cuban
government of Fidel Castro
• Authorized by John F. Kennedy just
after his inauguration
• Failed mission both angered the
governments of Cuba and the Soviet
Union and embarrassed America in
eyes of U.S. allies
Cuban Missile
Crisis
• 1962 Cold War event triggered when American intelligence discovered
missiles belonging to the Soviet Union in Cuba and John F. Kennedy
went on national television demanding the removal of the missiles
• Prime example of brinksmanship
• Closest the United States and the Soviet Union ever came to beginning
a war
• Ended when Soviets agreed to remove missiles in return for U.S.
agreement not to invade Cuba again (after the Bay of Pigs invasion)
and secret deal to remove American missiles from Turkey
Brinksmanship
• American Cold War strategy by
which conflicts with the Soviet
Union were allowed to build to the
verge of war without any
negotiation
• Pioneered by Dwight D.
Eisenhower’s administration
• Exemplified by the Cuban Missile
Crisis
Containment
• Strategic foundation of the American approach to
the cold war
• Held that the united states must work to stop the
spread of communism anywhere that it sought to
expand
• Contributed to the Truman doctrine, the Korean war,
the Berlin airlift, the Cuban missile crisis, and the
Vietnam war, among other events.
Vietnam War
• Cold War conflict between communist North Vietnam and
nationalist South Vietnam, supported by the United States
• American advisors were aiding the South Vietnamese from
the presidency of Harry S. Truman to the presidency of
John F. Kennedy, when American military presence in
Vietnam expanded
• War ended in 1973, when Richard Nixon agreed to remove
American troops, an action that followed by North
Vietnamese takeover of South Vietnam
• The war was escalated most strongly by Lyndon B.
Johnson and then by Nixon, who began secret bombings
and invasions of Cambodia
• Extremely controversial in the United States, leading to
massive youth protests, the expansion of the
counterculture, and disarray in the Democratic party,
which was nationally televised at the Democratic
convention of 1968
Domino theory
• Another American Cold War concept from Dwight
D. Eisenhower’s administration.
• Theory that United States must enforce
containment in third world countries, because
once one nation fell to communism, its neighbors
would likely follow, just like falling dominoes.
Lyndon B. Johnson
• President from 1963 (after the assassination of John
F. Kennedy) to 1968
• Escalated the Vietnam War
• Domestically presided over the implementation of
Great Society legislation
• Pushed civil rights legislation (Civil Rights Act of
1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965) through
Congress
• Had been U.S. senator from Texas before coming
vice president
• Chose not to run for reelection in 1968 because of
controversy over the Vietnam War
Great Society
• Domestic agenda of Lyndon B. Johnson
• Created the broadest array of government-funded social
programs since the New deal
• Worked to alleviate economic injustice
• Often called the war on poverty
• Included first major successful civil rights legislation
Counterculture
• Name for the youth movement in the 1960’s that
was in opposition to the general principles of the
prevailing culture
• Included movements dedicated to liberal politics,
feminism, civil rights, and communal living, in
addition to brad agreement about opposition to the
Vietnam War
• Played major role in the popularity of political
rock-n-roll, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles, and
others
Richard M. Nixon
• President from 1968-1874
• Republican
• Served as vice president under Dwight D.
Eisenhower, but lost the 1960 presidential election
• Ran successfully for governor of California in 1962
• Made remarkable political comeback in 1968
• Originated foreign policy of detenté
• First U.S. president to recognize and visit
communist China
• Resigned in disgrace after the Watergate scandal
enveloped his presidency
Détente
• American Cold War policy pioneered by Richard Nixon
• Policy held that working with Cold War enemies to expand
trade and create treaties would make war less likely
• Resulted in first American arms treaties with the Soviet
Union and American recognition of the communist
government of China for the first time
Watergate
• Scandal that forced Richard Nixon to resign from
the presidency
• Began when burglars, acting on instruction from the
White House, broke into the Democratic party
campaign headquarters in the Watergate Hotel
before the 1972 election
• Burglars were caught, and the scandal grew out of
the White House effort to cover up what had
happened
• When Nixon resigned on April 9, 1974, Gerald Ford
became president
Energy crisis
• mid-1970 crisis created when middle Eastern oilproduction nations (Working together in a group
called OPEC) first raised the price of oil
considerably and then refused to export oil to
nations that supported Israel
• Set off massive inflation in the United States
Ronald Reagan
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President from 1980-1988
Republican
Had been a movie actor and then governor of California
Extremely popular
Advocated massive arms build up in the Cold War
Slashed taxes to fit his theory of supply-side (trickle-down)
economics
• Severely cut government spending in all areas but military
expansion
• Instituted deficit spending
• Second term as president was marred by Iran Contra scandal
George Bush
• President from 1988-1992
• Republican; served as vice president under
Ronald Reagan
• Domestic agenda was largely consumed with
trying to fix problems caused by the deficits of
the Reagan years
• Foreign policy was crowned by leadership of
the United Nations coalition that won the
Persian Gulf War
• Was president when the Cold War ended with
the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the
collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991
Persian
Gulf War
• Fought in 1990 and 1991
• Began when Iraq invaded Kuwait, a small nation that
exports a large volume of oil
• President Gorge Bush organized a coalition through the
UNITED NATIONS that sent an international force to
expel Iraqi troops from Kuwait
• The U.N force was victorious in only 42 days
War of Resolution
• Attempts to restore the balance of powers outlined
by the Constitution after the assumption of
presidential ( or executive ) power during the
Korean War and the Vietnam War
• Passed in 1973
• Requires the president to seek congressional
approval within 60 days of the deployment of
American troops
• What was the guiding principle of
the American foreign policy
throughout the Cold War where
nations should not roll back
communism but keep it from
spreading and resist communist
aggression in other nations?
• Truman Doctrine
• Fair Deal
• Marshall Plan
• Monroe Doctrine
• What was formed near the end of
World War II to create a body for
the nations of the world to try to
prevent future global wars?
• NATO
• United Nations
• OPEC
• Truman Doctrine
• What was the result of the Korean
War?
• North and South Korea became one
under a democratic government.
• North and South Korea became one
under a communist government.
• North Korea and South Korea stayed
divided at the 17th parallel with North
Korea under a communist government
and South Korea free of communist
occupation.
• North Korea and South Korea stayed
divided at the 38th parallel with North
Korea under a communist government
and South Korea free of communist
occupation.
• Who played on Americans fear of
communism by recklessly accusing
many American governmental
officials and citizens of being
communists with flimsy or no
evidence?
• Joseph McCarthy
• Douglas MacArthur
• Robert McNamara
• Earl Warren
• What agreement was made
between the Soviet Union and
its satellite nations in Western
Europe?
• Berlin Wall
• Yalta Agreement
• Great Society
• Warsaw Pact
• Who was NOT convicted of
spying for the Soviet Union or
giving them our plans for
nuclear weapons?
• Ethel Rosenberg
• Alger Hiss
• Julius Rosenberg
• Joseph McCarthy
• What type of government was
created in West Germany when
it resumed self-government
after Allied occupation?
• Communism
• democracy
• Oligarchy
• Monarchy
• Who was president when the
U.S. adopted the policy of
massive retaliation?
• President Nixon
• President Truman
• President Eisenhower
• President Kennedy
• What nation was aiding Cuba
with tanks, jets, and missiles?
• USSR
• Vietnam
• Korea
• China
• The domino theory was a foreign
policy that proposed which of the
following arguments?
• If a communist revolution were to
succeed in one Asian country, then
other nearby nations would also turn to
communism.
• Foreign policy in Asia was a game.
• If the United States colonized one Asian
country, then the Asian trade market
would open dramatically.
• If one Asian country were to become a
democracy, then other nearby nations
would also become democracies.
• Who said, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear
down this wall" as well as
increased America's military and
economic pressure on the Soviet
Union?
• Ronald Reagan
• Gerald Ford
• Jimmy Carter
• George Bush
• Which is NOT a true about how the
threat of a nuclear war affected
Americans?
• Schools practiced drills to train children
about what to do in case of a nuclear
attack.
• American citizens built bomb shelters in
their basements, back yards, or
communities.
• Americans immigrated to Canada and
other countries not in disagreements
with the USSR.
• Americans bought dog tags, radiation
protection clothing, and other items
claiming they would offer protection
during a nuclear attack.
• The CIA created a plan to help
Cuban exiles invade and
overthrow Castro. Where did
the invasion occur in Cuba?
• Hanoi
• Bay of Pigs
• Guantanamo
• Havana
• What was formed as a defensive
alliance among the United States
and western European countries to
prevent a Soviet invasion of
Western Europe?
• UN
• Anti-Communism League
• NATO
• OPEC
• Who said, "the US would pay any
price, bear any burden, meet any
hardship, support any friend,
oppose any foe, in order to assure
the survival and the success of
liberty?"
• John F. Kennedy
• Joseph McCarthy
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Richard Nixon
• At the start of the Korean War,
who invaded whom?
• North Korea invaded South Korea
• South Korea invaded North Korea
• China and North Korea invaded
South Korea
• South Korea and the US invaded
North Korea
• Which of the following is the
policy reflected by American's
involvement in the Korean
War?
• massive retaliation
• brinkmanship
• ouch theory
• containment
• Which is NOT an example of how
the heavy expenditures throughout
the Cold War benefited Virginia's
economy?
• the Pentagon was built in Northern
Virginia
• Numerous private companies received
contracts with the military
• Richmond became the headquarters of
the CIA
• several large naval and air bases were
built around the Hampton Roads area
• Which of the following American
military interventions was NOT
based on the Cold War theory of
containment?
• The Berlin airlift
• The Persian Gulf War
• The Vietnam War
• The Cuban missile crisis
• Who led a communist
revolution that took over Cuba
in the late 1950s?
• Fulgencio Batista
• Nikita Khrushchev
• Fidel Castro
• Ho Chi Minh
• Which of the following Cold
War events was an example of
détente?
• The Cuban Missile Crisis
• The Korean War
• The Berlin airlift
• Nixon's visit to China
• Following its defeat, Japan was
occupied by the American
forces. Which is NOT true about
Japan during this time period?
• Japan became a strong ally of the
United States.
• Japan adopted a democratic form of
government.
• Japan eventually resumed selfgovernment.
• Japan adopted communism.
• The fall of the Berlin Wall and
the collapse of the Soviet
Union marked the
• end of the Cold War
• failure of the Marshall Plan
• success of the League of Nations
• end of the Korean War
• What was the U.S. plan to provide
massive financial aid to rebuild
European economies and prevent
the spread of communism?
• NATO
• Marshall Plan
• United Nations
• Truman Doctrine
• Which nation saw a communist
takeover shortly after World
War II?
• China
• Laos
• South Korea
• South Vietnam
• What does McCarthyism mean?
• making false accusations based on
rumor or guilt by association
• never backing down even if it means
war
• keep bombing until someone gives in
• keeping communism within its borders
• Which is NOT an internal problem
of the Soviet Union?
• The United States could not compete
with the USSR's military expenses.
• Rising nationalism in Soviet republics
• Gorbachev's ideas of "glasnost" and
"perestroika" or openness and economic
restructuring
• Economic efficiency
• What became the foreign and the
domestic policy issues in every
presidential election from the late
1940s through the 1960s?
• Cold War and abortion rights
• Cold War and civil rights
• Vietnam War and voting rights for all
citizens
• Vietnam War and poverty
• The Soviet Union and the United States represent
starkly different fundamental values. Which of
the following statements explains these different
values?
• The USSR believes in a totalitarian government with a
communist (socialist) economic system while the US
believes in a democratic political institution and a
generally free market economic system.
• The USSR believes in a communist government while
the US believes in a monarchy.
• The US believes in laissez-faire economics and a
democratic government while the USSR believes in a
free market and democratic government.
• Both the USSR and US believe in a democratic
government but the USSR believes their rulers should
have communist tendencies.
• President Kennedy was
assassinated on what date?
• November 22, 1963
• September 2, 1945
• April 4, 1968
• May 17, 1954
• When did the Cold War end?
• at the fall of the Soviet Union in 1989
• when North and South Vietnam merged
in 1975
• in 1963 with the assassination of
President Kennedy
• in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Who said in his inaugural address,
"As k not what your country can do
for you; ask what you can do for
your country?"
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Lyndon B. Johnson
• Richard Nixon
• John F. Kennedy
• Which of the following best
describes United States
involvement in the Korean War?
• United States involvement was an
example of the policy of containment.
• United States involvement was part of a
détente policy.
• The United States did not commit
military forces to fight in Korea.
• The United States and the Soviet Union
committed military forces to fight as
allies in Korea.
• Where was JFK when he was
shot?
• Los Angeles, California
• Harlem, New York
• Memphis, Tennessee
• Dallas, Texas
• What country's forces came to the
aid of North Korea when the United
States and South Korean military
pushed into North Korea?
• China
• Cuba
• USSR
• North Vietnam
• When did the Cold War begin?
• at the start of the Korean War
• at the start of World War II
• at the end of World War II
• at the end of the World War I
• What portion of Germany did
the Soviet Union gain control
of?
• Western
• southern
• Northern
• Eastern
• All of the following were Cold War
responses to Soviet aggression
EXCEPT
• The Berlin airlift
• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• The Truman Doctrine
• President Truman's decision to drop the
atomic bomb
• The War Powers Resolution of 1973
was a response to concerns over
• congressional abuse of authority in
deployment of US military forces
• an imbalance of powers in deployment
of US military forces
• Supreme Court interference in the
deployment of US military forces
• under use of military forces
• The US and USSR come closest
to the brink of a nuclear war
due to the events at what site?
• Hungary
• Berlin
• Cuba
• Vietnam
• Who was the politician who led a
congressional hearing into
communist infiltration o f the
American government and society?
• Dwight D. Eisenhower
• Richard Nixon
• Henry Cabot Lodge
• Joseph McCarthy
• What type of relationship did the
communist nations of the Soviet
Union and China have in the 1970s?
• They were allied until the fall of the
Berlin Wall.
• They were strong allies.
• They were under one government.
• They were rivals for territory and
diplomatic influence.
• The 1950s domestic hysteria over
the infiltration of communists into
American government and society
is known as
• the Red Scare
• McCarthyism
• the domino theory
• the Salem Witch Trials
• Which of the following was
primarily characterized by
tension between the Soviet
Union and the United States?
• The McCarthy hearings
• The Crimean War
• Japanese internment
• the Cold War
• The Bay of Pigs invasion,
authorized by President John F.
Kennedy, was an attempt to unseat
which of the following communist
leaders?
• Kim Il Sung
• Ho Chi Minh
• Mao Tse-tung
• Fidel Castro
• The economic theory
implemented by President
Ronald Reagan is known as
• the domino theory
• trust-busting
• trickle-down economics
• isolationism
• What was the agreement ending
the Cuban missile crisis?
• The USSR would remove their
missiles from Cuba and the US would
remove their troops from Florida.
• The US and USSR both agree to
destroy all their nuclear weapons.
• The US would allow Soviet ships past
the 500 mile barrier around Cuba
and the USSR would apologize for
pointing nuclear missiles at US cities.
• The US would not invade Cuba and
the USSR would remove
their missiles from Cuba.
• Compared to public support for US
involvement in the Korean War,
public support of the US military
intervention in southeast Asia
during the 1960s and early 1970s is
best described as
• more controversial
• a little bit stronger
• much stronger
• about the same
• How did the Cold War affect
American life?
• Americans lived with a fear of
communism and threat of nuclear war.
• Americans felt that nuclear war would
never occur and went on living a good
life.
• Americans banded together and
believed that no matter the cost we
should aid all countries in fighting
communism.
• Americans feared that World War III
would occur with our opponent,
Germany.
• Anti-Communist fear found a
responsive environment in the US
after WWII partly because of
• the loss of China to communism.
• the United States' dropping the atomic
bomb on Japan.
• The depressed economy in the United
States after the war.
• the Soviet Union's testing of an atomic
weapon.
• At the end of World War II,
what nation occupied most of
Eastern and Central Europe?
• Germany
• United States
• Soviet Union
• Japan
• President Nixon practiced détente,
policy aimed at easing Cold War
tensions, by visiting which
communist nation?
• Vietnam
• Cuba
• China
• USSR
• Who was the last leader of
the Soviet Union?
a) Nikita Khrushchev
b) Joseph Stalin
c) Mikhail Gorbachev
d) Vladimir Lenin
• What does perestroika mean?
a) giving government grants to
education
b) reforming Soviet society
c) reforming the military to make it
stronger
d) restructuring communist societies
• What does glasnost mean?
• reforming society thru federal aid
• helping aid other communist
countries
• ignoring social issues of civilians
• openness in discussing social issues
• In what country did the military kill
hundreds of college students
protesting for freedom?
• China
• Vietnam
• Germany
• USSR
• What was the purpose of the START II
Treaty?
• The USSR and US agree to stop building
nuclear weapons.
• The USSR and US agree to stop the space
race.
• The USSR and US agree to build more
nuclear weapons.
• The USSR and US agree to reduce the
number of nuclear weapons.
• Which is NOT a problem the Soviet
Union was facing before it collapsed?
• Military and economic pressure from the
United States
• Rising nationalism in the republics
• Military spending was cheap so they began
making too many weapons
• Economic inefficiency
• Who was president of the United
States when the Soviet Union
collapsed?
• George H.W. Bush
• Ronald Reagan
• John F. Kennedy
• Jimmy Carter
• What European country reunited
after the USSR collapsed?
• Germany
• Poland
• Italy
• Hungary
• All of the following are examples of how
the Cold War helped Virginia's economy
EXCEPT
• building naval and air bases in Hampton
Roads
• contracting private companies to do
military work
• building the Pentagon in Northern Virginia
• building naval training center at Annapolis