Transcript Document 7300049

The Modern Era
Paradoxes of
Global Acceleration
1945-2004
The World in 1945:
 50 million people killed during WW II
 Parts of Europe, Asia, and North Africa in ruins
 World trade severely damaged
Much of
the world
looked
pretty
bleak.
In Europe
Economies in ruins
colonial empires crumbling
Nationalist movements in Africa and Asia
Mandela in S. Africa
Gandhi in India
 U.S. the major industrial & atomic power
The world entered a new era.
Cold War policies developed:
 The USSR occupied Eastern Europe and part
of Germany.
U.S. wants to stop spread of Communism
“Containment Policy”
system of alliances and military aid to
rebuild Europe ($13 billion)
“Iron Curtain”
tense relations b/w US & allies v. USSR
& Soviet Bloc (nations under USSR
control)
The World became divided into
two hostile camps: The U.S.S.R.
and the U.S.
Pres. Harry
Truman
Joseph Stalin
1946-60
The Cold War: USSR & USA never fought directly
Followed a policy
of Mutual Assured
Destruction (MAD).
I guess
it made
sense at
the
time.
Each side threatens to use nuclear
weapons against each other
The U.S. and U.S.S.R
had enough nuclear
bombs to destroy the
world about 400
times.
The Cold War: battle on other
fronts
Fights over Communism spreading in Asia:
•1950-53 – Korean War
•1963-1972 – Vietnam War
During the Cold War many former
colonized peoples created new
nations.  India (1947) & Ghana (1957) gain
independence from Britain.
 Indonesia independence from
Dutch (1949)
.
 By 1965 most former European
colonies had become newly created
independent nation-states.
The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. competed for
the loyalties of these new nations.
Colonialism left new nations
“Underdeveloped.”
This table shows how shares of world Gross Domestic
Product changed between 1870 and 1998.
Date
India
China
Africa
Japan
Western
Europe and
U.S.
1870
12.2
17.2
3.6
2.3
42.5
1913
7.6
8.9
2.7
2.6
52.6
1950
4.2
4.5
3.6
3.0
53.6
1973
3.1
4.6
3.3
7.7
47.7
1998
5.0
11.5
3.1
7.7
42.5
What might we learn from this table about patterns
of economic development in the world?
In 1750, China and
India provided 57%
of world
manufacturing.
In 1953, they
manufactured only
4% of the world’s
goods.
What caused such a
dramatic change?
In the 1960s, as the colonized people gained
independence, the world-wide split between the
North –rich industrial nations—and the South –
poor “third world” nations—grew wider.
How did Western leaders try to
restore world trade after World War
II?
In 1944:
Created the World Bank.
Established the
International Monetary
Fund.
Established stable
currency exchange rates.
Ushered in global
economic cooperation.
Eventually led to Free
Market Capitalism
However, these agreements
did not include the Soviet
bloc nations
Post WWII, move towards Free Trade
In theory, free world trade encourages
greater economic specialization, more
productivity, and greater wealth.
Efficient use of world
resources
And each country
can concentrate
on what it does
best.
Tariffs (trade taxes) are eliminated.
Businesses can move where
make more profits.
More jobs are created.
People have more money
In the 1980s the U.S. moved to expand
free market capitalism
Little gov regulation in the market
Freedom of choice
What is
free
market
capitalism?
Borderless market economy
People should be free to pursue
economic self-interest
Consuming goods a major value
However, most nations continued to
pursue some forms of economic
nationalism
In the 1980s China moved toward a
free-market system and joined the
global economy.
China’s Trade surplus balance
with U.S. $666.2 billion in the 2004,
China now buys from 1-2 billion
dollars of the U.S. debt each day.
China’s economy will probably equal that of US.
In twenty-five years.
In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down and the Cold
War ended.
•E. European countries broke away from USSR
• USSR broke into 12+ new states.
The Berlin Wall was
built in August 1961
The Wall was
destroyed
on November 9,
1989
In 1991, India embraced a free market system
and joined the global economy.
India is now the fourth largest world economy
after the U.S., China and Japan.
India’s growth rate has averaged about 5.8% for
the past 15 years.
Major exports
include
Clothing
Automobiles
Handicrafts
In the 1990s, Globalization now
embraced the majority of the
world’s economies.
U.S., the major world power, became the chief
advocate of free market capitalism for the global
system.
What is
Globalization?
Globalization
Increasing global
connections
Faster communication
and transportation
Rapid growth of worldwide
social relationships.
Swift and free flow of
money, goods, people, &
ideas across national borders
World population has been
rapidly increasing.
Wow!
More than
6
billion
people
now alive.
billions
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1803 - 124 yrs 1927- 33 yrs 1960 - 14 yrs 1974 - 12 yrs 1986 – 13 yrs
The time it takes to add one
billion people grows shorter.
Life
expectancy
is rising,
but it varies
world wide.
Average life
expectancy
for the world
is 70 years.
Country
Average Life
Expectancy
Sweden
79.2
France
78
United
States
71.1
Bangladesh
62.8
Botswana
40.1
Zimbabwe
39.2
Speed of
travel has
increased
dramatically.
1957
World wide
communication
is almost
instant
1962
1981
Look at this antique
computer. It doesn’t
even have a hard
drive!
1977
1982
The computer has been changing
billions of lives.
IT Engineer
seeks house..
Will you be my
E-pal?
We’re catching
up with the U.S.
economy.
I raised my
campaign funds via
the internet.
Where are the
books I ordered?
I’m applying
to college.
Cap from
Bangladesh
Shirt
from
Mexico
Backpack
from
China
Soccer ball
from
Pakistan
But what
does
globalization
have to do
with me?
Jeans
from
Malaysia
Video game
from Japan
Sneakers from
Indonesia
New technologies allow humans to
control nature like never before
Expanding
technology
makes
possible a
cornucopia of
new products
for us
More goods are being produced,
bought, and sold worldwide
What
than ever before.
shall I buy
next?
Globalization also spreads ideas
and values.
Democratic ideas have spread to
more countries than ever before.
India
Korea
Japan
Taiwan
Malaysia
Qatar
Mali
Brazil
South
Africa
But globalization
brings high human
costs.
Although the world’s people are producing more than
47 trillion dollars in wealth, these riches are not
distributed equally.
The growing gap between the rich
and the poor continues to increase.
20% get most of the wealth.
The U.S. owns 11 trillion dollars of
this wealth.
2 billion of the world’s people live
on less than $2 a day.
Peasants are forced to leave the
land as money and wage
economies spread.
Workers without education and skills
are often left behind.
Gross Domestic
Product (GDP)
of Selected
Countries and
Corporations
2002
Corporations in bold face
Some big
multinational
corporations
have more
wealth than
many nations.
Ranking
GDP/value added
$trillion
1
United States
9.9
2
Japan
4.7
7
China
1.23
$billion
40
Malaysia
89.7
41
Colombia
81.3
42
Philippines
74.7
43
Chile
70.5
44
Wal-Mart Stores
67.7
45
Pakistan
61.6
46
Peru
53.5
47
Algeria
53.3
48
Exxon
57.6
49
Czech Republic
50.8
50
New Zealand
51
Bangladesh
47.1
52
United Arab
Emirates
46.5
53
General Motors
46.2
54
Hungary
45.6
55
Ford Motor
45.1
56
Mitsubishi
44.3
57
Mitsui
41.3
58
Nigeria
41.1
59
Citigroup
39.1
60
Itachu
38.4
50
In poor countries child labor is
widespread. Some 212 million children of
ages 5-14 are working instead of going to
school.
These young
girls work 12
hours a day, 6
days a week,
earning $2-3 per
week.
Most child labor
involves
high energy work.
Outsourcing is increasing.
In 2003, U.S. lost 234,000 information techn jobs.
An estimated 14 million more jobs may move
overseas.
But U.S. loss is a gain for India, China, Ireland,
Korea and other nations
Narayana Murthy (right) and his
Infosys Information Technology
complex in Bangalore, India.
Manufacturing and capital flows
to the areas of the world where
they can make the most profits.
Keep business away:
 Strong labor unions
 High wages
 Environment
protection laws and
 Unstable
governments
.
The speed of globalization results in environmental
problems from
over-cutting forests.
burning fossil fuels.
producing more industrial and consumer waste.
Growing threats to the
environment affect all people
Lots of people question
globalization.
Globalization
is forcing my
child to work.
.
Free trade
is destroying
us farmers.
Hollywood
is ruining
our
children.
Development
is destroying
our rain forest.
Industrial
countries are
leaving us out
of Globalization.
We have 50
million people
living in poverty.
Globalization involves
contradictions.
You mean it’s
Profitable industry but widening gap
not good for
between rich and poor?
everyone?
Lots of cultural pluralism but people
becoming “homogenized?” (losing
culture, becoming the same)
Increasing interdependence but small
communities banding more tightly
together?
Huge wealth in industrialized nations
but great poverty in other countries?
Some people
believe that
globalization is
“cultural
imperialism”.
Can you interpret how
this cartoon depicts the
idea of “cultural
imperialism?”
People respond to globalization
differently.
Some:
 wholeheartedly
embrace it.
 seek to maintain their
traditions
 fight for more economic
fairness.
 turn to religion.
 turn violent
 try to manage it for
greater human good.
A house in Figuig, an oasis
in Morocco on the edge of the
Sahara Desert. This family
reaches out to the world through
its satellite dish.
Terrorism has ushered in a new
global threat.
Modern military strategies
and weapons are often
ineffective against suicide
attacks.
 Terrorists communicate and
spread their ideologies using
cell phones and the Internet.
Terrorist groups may have
cells in many nations.
In 2002, the United States
government adopted policies of
massive military intervention as part
of a war on terror.
2002 – U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan to topple the
government of the Taliban, which was cooperating with
international terrorists.
2003 – U.S. forces invaded Iraq to overthrow the government
of Saddam Hussein. The U.S. accused him of supporting
terrorism.
Are we entering a new era of
international relations?
In this new era will the U.S. act as
democratic leader, the supreme world
power, as an empire?
 owns about one fourth of
the world’s wealth.
working to create
democratic institutions in
Afghanistan, Iraq, and other
countries.
 has military force equal to
the next 20 countries
combined.
striving to be a model of
democracy for the world.
 maintains 725 military
bases, valued at $118 billion,
with 254,000 military
personnel in 153 nations.
Do these
factors help us
answer the
question?
Your decisions and actions will
help shape the future.
Will we cooperate to
fight terrorism and
work to ensure that
all people live in
dignity? How these
issues turn out is
really up to us.
One person can make a
difference.
Your World
History
course may
end here,
but it’s not
over yet!