Transcript Document 7288430

CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
(CDM ) PROSPECTS IN LAND USE, LAND
USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY (LULUCF)
IN THE PHILIPPINES
Florencia B. Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco
College of Forestry and Natural Resources
University of the Philippines Los Baños
CD4CDM
Climate Change Information Center
Ateneo de Manila University
Quezon City, Philippines
04 November 2003
Outline of Presentation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Potential Benefits of CDM
Candidate Forest Lands for CDM
Potential CDM Projects
Relevant Researches in the Philippines
Current Status and Examples of CDM
Projects Globally
• Issues and Concerns
• Recommendations
Philippine Forests
30 M ha total area – 15.8 M ha classified as
“forest lands”
• < 6 M ha covered with natural tropical forest
vegetation
• the rest are in various stages of degradation
and are primarily covered with grasses,
bushes and agricultural crops
1990 national GHG inventory – forest lands are
the largest contributor to GHG emissions among
all sources in the Philippines
The Global Carbon Cycle
Atmosphere
750
60
5.5
Global net primary
production and
respiration
1.6
Fossil fuels and cement
production
Changing land
use
61.9
90
0.5
Vegetation 610
Soils and detritus 1580
2190
92
Surface ocean
1020
50
100
40
Marine biota
3
91.6
4
6
Dissolved organic
carbon < 700
6
Intermediate and deep
ocean
38,100
0.2
Surface sediment 150
CO2
Photosynthesis
Burning
ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS
TREES
UNDERSTOREY
NECROMASS
LITTER
LITTER
LITTER
ROOTS
SOIL CARBON
Carbon
pools
in forest
ecosystems
Carbon
pools
in forest
ecosystems
TOTAL CARBON =
ABOVE GROUND CARBON
(TREE/UNDERSTOREY)
+
NECROMASS CARBON
+
ROOT CARBON
+
SOIL ORGANIC CARBON
Philippine Forests and Climate Change
In terms of climate mitigation:
• Studies indicate that total C in the biomass of all
forest land use types is equal to 750 – 884 M tons
• Annual sequestration estimated at about 28.4 M
tons C (excluding C contained in understorey
vegetation, litter and soil which could comprise
25% of total aboveground biomass)
• Annual Philippine CO2 emissions is equivalent to
128.6 M tons
• Forest lands are able to sequester an equivalent of
about 104 M tons to CO2 or 81% of total CO2
emitted by the whole country
Potential Benefits of CDM
1. Ecological
• Deforestation and land degradation leading
ecological problems in the Philippines
• 2-9 M ha. of degraded lands
• > 100 years to reforest
• Government with very limited resources
• US $ 1 billion needed to reforest 2 M ha
• CDM: source of new financing and technology for
forest development
• CDM will advance sustainable development goals
Potential Benefits of CDM
2. Promote long-term environmental security
• Philippines as an archipelagic country very
vulnerable to climate change
• Upland population among the more vulnerable
sector
• By participating in CDM, country is acting on
its interest
3. Link with biodiversity conservation
• Philippines one of the biological hotspots in the
world
• CDM projects can help conserve biodiversity
Potential Areas for CDM
1. Degraded land areas/grasslands: 3.5 M ha.
• Could easily meet requirements for
additionality
2. Those that need to be permanently forested: 4.6
M ha.
• Critical watersheds
• Forest reserves
• IPAs sites
Example: Setting aside 100,000 ha. for CDM
• Savings of US $ 62.5 M – equal to one year
of reforestation
• Generate livelihood to upland communities
Potential CDM Projects
1.
Reforestation and tree plantations

Could easily meet requirements for
additionality
2.
Agroforestry and community forestry

Greatest socio-economic benefits

Risks may be greater
3.
Dendrothermal power plants

Less C released to the atmosphere by
substituting renewable biomass to fossil fuel
Relevant Researches in the Philippines




Carbon stocks assessment of various land uses
in the Philippines
-1998 – used default values
-1999 to present – generated local data using
plot and point- centered methods
Impacts of land use change on carbon stocks
Improving GHG inventory in the LUCF sector
Carbon stored in wood products
Carbon content, biomass density and biomass accumulation for LUCF in the
Philippines (Lasco and Pulhin, 2000)
Forest Land
Use
Rate of aboveground biomass
change (t/ha/yr)
Carbon content
of Biomass (%)
Total Aboveground Biomass
(t/ha)
Source of Data
Protection forest
Old-growth
forest
Mossy forest
Pine
Submarginal
44.7 (Visayas)
OGF 446 in
Visayas
Mossy forest 272 in
Luzon
All others 50% of
OGF
2.1 in Visayas
Lasco et al., (1999)
Lasco et al., (2000)
Lasco et al., (2002)
Second-growth
forest (SGF)
43, 45 (Luzon)
279, 499 in Luzon
262 in Mindanao
7.81 in Luzon
5.2 in Mindanao
(Mean = 44)
(Mean =347)
(Mean = 6.5)
Lasco et al. (1999);
Pulhin (2003)
Kawahara et al.
(1981)
Brushlands
45.3 for wood
(Visayas)
65 in Visayas
9.4 in Visayas
Lasco et al (1999)
Grasslands
44.5 (Visayas)
29 in Visayas
0 (because
regularly burned)
Lasco et al. (1999)
Forest
Land Use
Tree
plantations
Carbon content
of Biomass (%)
45 (Luzon)
Visayas:
39.2 for mahogany
wood
43.3 for gmelina
wood
45.0 for mangium
wood
(Mean = 43.1)
Total Above-ground Biomass
(t/ha)
In Luzon:
S. .macrophyla: 600
P. malaanonan + A. Thurifera: 536
P. malaanonan + D. grandiflorus:
279
A. auriculiformis: 30
T. grandis: 16
G. arborea: 12
P. kesiya: 108
P. kesiya + broadleaf spp.: 83
In Visayas:
Sweitenia.macrophyla:
67, 17
G. arborea: 180, 70, 124
A. mangium: 245, 57, 196
A. auriculiformis: 64
Acacia neriifolia: 87
A. holosericea: 34
A. crassicarpa: 156
A. aulacocarpa: 56
Rate of aboveground biomass
change (t/ha/yr)
In Luzon:
S. macrophylla: 7.5
P. malaanonan + A.
thurifera: 6.7
P. malaanonan + D.
grandiflorus:
3.5
A. auriculiformis: 3.5
T. grandis: 1.2
G. arborea: 2.1
P. kesiya: 8.3
P. kesiya + broadleaf
spp.: 6.4
In Visayas:
S. macrophylla: 8.4, 1.6
G. arborea: 18.8, 17.6,
7.8
A. mangium: 41.6, 14.2,
17.8
A. auriculiformis: 15.9
Acacia neriifolia: 21.8
A. holosericea: 8.6
A. crassicarpa: 39
A. aulacocarpa: 14.1
Source of
Data
Lasco et al.
(1999) Lasco
et al. (1998b)
Kawahara
(1991)
Forest
Land Use
Agroforestry
Carbon content of
Biomass (%)
45 Gliricidia sepiumbased alley
cropping(Luz
on)
45 Gmelina arborea
and cacao
multistorey
system
(Luzon)
Total Above-ground
Biomass
(t/ha)
Rate of above-ground
biomass change
(t/ha/yr)
Leucaena diversifolia: 0.66
Casuarina cuminghiana: 3
C. equisitifolia: 16
Eucalyptus citrodora: 52
E. cloeziana: 48
E. pellita:34
E. tereticornis: 50
In Mindanao
G. arborea: 133
Paraserianthes falcataria:
82, 108 and 35
S. macrophylla: 261
(Mean =116)
Leucaena diversifolia: 0.2
Casuarina cuminghiana: 0.8
C. equisitifolia: 3.9
Eucalyptus citrodora: 13.1
E. cloeziana: 12.1
E. pellita: 8.5
E. tereticornis: 12.5
In Mindanao:
P. falcataria: 6.0 and 9.8
G. arborea: 10.8
(Mean = 11.1)
Multistorey system
(Luzon): 236
Alley cropping (Luzon): 68
Fallow system (Visayas): 32
(Mean = 112)
Improved fallow (Visayas):
6.0
Source of
Data
Lasco et al.
(1998a,b)
Kung’u (1993)
Carbon stocks (MgC/ha) at various years after logging in
SUDECOR, Mindanao
250
197.59
200
141.81
MgC per ha
150
118.45
117.91
100
101.78
96.27
50
0
1-5 yrs
6-10 yrs
11-15 yrs
16-20 yrs
≥ 21 yrs
35 yrs
Table 17. Comparison of results of GHG inventories conducted in the Philippines
Million tons CO2 or
CO2
1994 Inventory
(Philippine
National
Communication,
1999)
Equivalent
1997-1998
Inventory
2001
Inventory
Pulhin
(2003)
Biomass
growth
-111
-222
-218
-218
Harvests
42
31
30
29
Onsite and
off site
burning
36
23
29
29
Decay
33
23
29
29
<1 (0.126)
-142
-127
-129
Net
Absorption
Current Status and Examples of CDM
Projects Globally
Many organizations are interested in
financing forestry projects that sequester
carbon
 30-35 forestry projects existing with
commitment of US$ 350 M (IPCC, 2000)
 At least 19 countries (e.g. Malaysia,
Indonesia, Costa Rica)

Examples:
1. Scolel Te Pilot Project for Community Forestry and Carbon
Sequestration, Chiapas, Mexico
• Objectives and Activities: Tropical forest and highland forest
reforestation and community agroforestry on individual farmers’
small plots
• Land Area and Type: 2,000 ha within 13,200 ha (project size
depends on funding received)
• Partners –various (credit unions, research institute, University
of Edinburgh, International Automobile Federation, etc)
• Description of Activities: Consulted local village farmers re:
candidate reforestation project, forest management, and
agroforestry practices. The project designed a system of
technical assistance to farmers by producing plans for each
parcel, calculating carbon benefits, and developing a monitoring
protocol. International Automobile Federation funded the first
management plans. Project is designed to reduce degradation
and conversion of remnant forest, and to enhance village land
use sustainability and financial returns
• GHG Estimated Benefits and Methods: Cumulative net
sequestration of 15,000-333,000 tC total over lifetime, using
CO2 Fix model. Average carbon benefit is 26 tC/ha at 0.9
tC/ha/yr
• Projected Socioeconomic Benefits: Build local economy
through sustainable agroforestry; improve welfare of women and
• Projected Environmental Impacts: Conserve and increase
forest biodiversity, reduce forest fragmentation and soil
erosion, serve as buffer zone by slowing in-migration to the
forest.
• Status of Project: 50 ha funded for initial implementation.
Detailed studies at community and regional scale completed.
Management, research, and financial institutions established.
• Cost Estimate and Efficiency: US$3.4 M projected total cost,
with initial phase at US$0.5 million, and public and private
financing. Efficiency calculated to be US$10 per tC.
Source: EPA/USIJI (1998), Tipper and de Jong (1998),
Witthoeft-Muehlmann (1998) as cited IPCC, 2000
Examples:
2. INFAPRO: Innoprise-FACE Foundation Project,
Sabah, Malaysia
• Objectives and Type: 25,000 ha of selectively logged
dipterocarp lowland tropical forest concession lands.
• Partners: Innoprise Corporation (forestry arm of Sabah
Foundation, Sabah, Malaysia) and FACE (Forests
Absorbing CO2 Emissions) Foundation of Dutch
Electricity Board, The Netherlands.
• Description of Activities: Estimates it will sequester
approx. 4.3 Mt C over 60 years, largely using literature
data for the estimate. Permanent sample plots to measure
stem growth are established; necromass, understory, and
soil data collected.
• GHG Estimated Benefits and Methods: 707,000 tC over
lifetime, using CO2 Fix model. Average carbon benefit is
26 t C/ha,a t 0.9 tC/ha/yr.
Projected Socioeconomic Benefits: Generate US$800 M
in timber, which will revert to the social programs of the
Sabah Foundation. Build capacity through technical
training, at all levels of project staff, and with local,
regional and international organizations. Direct
employment of more than 150 people.
Projected Environmental Impacts: Improve at least
25,000 ha of degraded logged forests.
Status of Project: The project is in the 7th year of its
implementation phase, planned to last 25 years; project
lifetime is 99 years. If CDM guidelines and crediting are
not in place soon, implementation of this project may be
halted.
•
Cost Estimate and Efficiency: US$15 M total
cost, with private financing. Efficiency calculated
to be US3.50 per tC.
Source: FACE Foundation (1998), Stuart and
Moura-Costa (1998), Witthoeft-Muehlmann
(1998) as cited by IPCC (2000).
Issues and Concerns
1. Overemphasis on
plantations using exotics
over indigenous species
2. Lack of technical expertise
3. Failure to capture co-benefits due to:
• Lack of integrated area planning
• Graft and corruption
• Inadequate implementation guidelines
• Lack of community participation
Issues and Concerns
4.
Loss of opportunity to develop forests
• Forests not available for other uses
5. Ensuring appropriate design, monitoring and
evaluation
6. Forest carbon hard to measure
• IPCC (1995): high level of confidence on
measurements of net C conserved
• IPCC GPG (2003): will provide guidance for
projects
Issues and Concerns
7.
Baselines and additionality
• Article 12.5 of the Kyoto Protocol:
“Reductions in emissions that are additional to
any that would occur in the absence of the
certified project activity”
• “additional” implies a baseline or without
project scenario
• To demonstrate that GHG benefits due to the
project not incidental factors
• No standard method of determining baselines
and additionality
• Data on carbon stocks will facilitate estimation
and verification of baselines
Recommendations
Philippines must develop implementation
mechanism and guidelines in preparation
for CDM implementation
 Philippines must participate in CDM
considering its current budget for
rehabilitation is not enough
