Transcript The Scientific Revolution – Section 1 Notes Chapter 10 – Mr. Heaps

The Scientific Revolution
Chapter 10 – Section 1 Notes
World History – Mr. Heaps
Introduction: Video Clip
1
Background to the Revolution
Many Medieval scientists did not make
observations about the natural world, but
instead relied for 2,000 years on beliefs of
Aristotle
ancient authorities like __________.
 During the Renaissance, newly discovered
Archimedes & _______
Plato
works by Ptolemy
______, ___________,
showed that some ancient thinkers disagreed
with Aristotle, which led scientists of the 15th &
16th centuries to begin to question ancient
authorities. (see video clip)

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Leading to New Ways of Thinking



The invention of new instruments such as the
__________
telescope & the ___________
microscope led to new scientific
discoveries.
The invention of the ____________
printing press helped spread
new ideas quickly & easily.
mathematicians
A rediscovery of works of ancient _____________
during the Renaissance led to the development of
great mathematical scientists such as:
 __________________
Nicholas Copernicus
 __________________
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei
 __________________
Isaac Newton
 __________________
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A Revolution in Astronomy


The long held view of the
universe according to Middle
Age philosophers was called
the _____________
System,
Ptolemaic
named after Ptolemy, a great
2nd century ______________.
astronomer
Ptolemy’s view of the universe,
also called the ____________
view,
placed _________ at the
Geocentric
center
of the universe.
Earth
Ptolemy (2nd century)
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The Ptolemaic Universe
(Geocentric)
Earth sits ___________
motionless
at the ________
of the
center
spheres.
 All spheres revolve
around Earth in
circular
_________
orbits.
 Beyond the spheres of
the Ptolemaic system
was __________,
Heaven
where God & all saved
souls reside.

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The Copernican System
(Heliocentric)



In 1543, Polish Astronomer,
Nicholas _____________
Copernicus
_________
published a book, On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres.
Geocentric
He argued the __________
system was too complicated.
Heliocentric
He believed in a ____________
view of the universe, which
placed the ________
at the
Sun
center.
Copernicus
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The Copernican System
(Heliocentric)




The ______,
Sun not Earth, sits
at the center of the universe.
moon revolves
The ________
around the Earth.
The apparent movement of
the sun around the Earth
was caused by the
rotation of Earth on its
__________
axis.
Planets orbit the Sun in
circular
__________
orbits.
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Johannes Kepler


German
__________
mathematician who
confirmed that the
_______
was at the
Sun
center of the universe.
He added that orbits
of the planets around
the sun were not
circular, but instead
____________,
or
elliptical
egg-shaped, with the
sun toward the end of
ellipse.
Click picture to watch
clip
8
Galileo Galilei



Italian ___________
astronomer & ______________,
mathematician Galileo
was the first to observe the heavens using a
telescope (Galileo video clip)
___________.
Galileo discovered:
 The __________
mountians of the moon.
Jupiter
 Four large moons orbiting __________.
rings of Saturn.
 The ________
sunspots
 __________
Galileo’s book, The Starry Messenger, supported
heliocentric view of the universe. This
the ____________
contradicted the Church’s view and led to Galileo
heresy
being charged with __________.
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Isaac Newton
mathematician & ___________
physicist
English ___________
whose
major work, the Principia, defined three laws
motion that govern planetary bodies, as
of ________
well as objects on Earth.
gravitation
 Newton’s universal law of ____________,
explained why planetary bodies do not go off
in straight lines, but instead continue in
elliptical
___________
orbits around the sun.
 Newton’s theory of gravity stated that every
attracted
object in the universe is ___________
to
every other objects by a force called gravity.

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Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
•Newton’s universal law created a new view of the
universe. It was now seen as one huge, regulated,
natural
uniform machine that worked according to __________
laws
world-machine concept
________.
Newton’s _________________
dominated the worldview until the 20th century.
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Breakthroughs in Medicine
Medicine in the Late Middle Ages was
dominated by the teachings of the Greek
Galen
physician _________,
who had lived in the
2nd century A.D.
____
animal
 Galen had relied on _________,
rather
human
than _________
dissections to arrive at a
picture of the human __________.
Anatomy
 In many instances he was ________.
wrong
Anatomy
 __________
is the study of the structures
of body parts and their relationship to one
another.

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Galen (Chief Physician of Rome)

Dissecting both live and dead animals, particularly
goats, pigs, and monkeys, Galen demonstrated how
different muscles are controlled at different levels of
the spinal cord. He noted the functions of the kidney
and bladder and identified seven pairs of cranial
nerves. By tying off the laryngeal nerve, he showed
that the brain controls the voice. He thought that the
liver was the central organ of the vascular system
and that blood moved to the periphery of the body to
form flesh. He disproved the 400-year-old belief that
arteries carry air. Galen also described the valves of
the heart and noted the structural differences
between arteries and veins, but fell short of
conceiving that the blood circulates.
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Compare what you know to what
Galen believed.

What controls the movement of muscles?
The brain & the spinal cord

Instead of the liver, what is the central organ of
the vascular system, or cardiovascular
system? The heart is the central or main organ of
the cardiovascular system.

Galen disproved the theory that arteries carry
air. What is carried by the arteries?
Blood that is rich in oxygen & nutrients.
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16th Century Anatomy
The new _________
Anatomy of the
16th century was based on
the works of Belgian
Andreas
physician __________
Vesalius
___________.
 Vesalius wrote a book called
On the Fabric of the Human
Body, in which he discussed
what he had found when
dissecting human
cadavers at the University
_________
of Padua.

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Anatomy (Andreas Vesalius)
Dissection
Muscular
Vesalius Video
Skeletal
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Blood Circulation



Galen & __________
Vesalius had believed that two
Both ________
kinds of blood flowed in the ________
arteries & _________.
veins
Galen had thought that the _______
liver was the
beginning point of circulation of the blood.
William Harvey published a book called
In 1623, _______________
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in which he
stated the following:
heart not liver, was the beginning point of
 The _______,
circulation.
arteries &
 The same blood flows through ________
veins
______.
circuit through the
 Blood makes a complete ________
body. (William Harvey Video Clip)
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Medical Recognition (Bonus)



Galen
Due to his achievements in medicine, ________
served as the chief physician of the Roman
Emperor Marcus Aurelius and became the chief
gladiators
surgeon to the ____________
of Rome.
Andreas Vesalius served as physician to
_________________
Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V and Phillip II of
Spain.
William Harvey
_________________
served as physician to
both King James I and his son Charles I of
England.
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Chemistry





chemistry arose
The science called __________
in the 17th century.
Robert Boyle was one of the first
______________
scientists to conduct controlled
experiments.
By studying the properties of gases he
came up with Boyle’s Law – The
volume of a gas varies with the
_______
pressure exerted on it.
__________
Antoine Lavoisier - invented a
_________________
system of naming the _________
chemical
elements (still used today)
__________.
Lavoisier is regarded by many as the
_________
Father of modern chemistry.
Lavoisier
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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794). A French
chemist who is widely regarded as the father of modern
chemistry, Lavoisier showed in 1788 that air is a
mixture of gases which he called oxygen and nitrogen.
His major written work, published in 1789, contained
the ideas which set chemistry on its modern path. He
established the distinction between elements and
compounds, and showed that chemical reactions are
quantitative in nature. Among other accomplishments,
Lavoisier devised a system of naming chemical
compounds, and was a member of the commission
which established the metric system. In spite of his
many achievements, as an aristocrat Lavoisier was
charged with counter-revolutionary activity and was
guillotined in 1794.
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Women in the Scientific Revolution
In Germany, many of the women involved in
Astronomers
science were ______________.
 They became involved by working in family
observatories
______________,
where they had been
fathers
husbands
trained by their __________
or ___________.
14% of
 By 1650 to 1710, women made up _______
all German astronomers.

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René Descartes & Reason


Descartes was a French
philosopher who began to
____________
think & write about the
doubt & __________
uncertainty that
________
seemed to be everywhere in
the confusion of the 17th
century.
In his most famous work,
Discourse on Method, he
decided to set aside all that
learned and to
he had ________
begin
_________
again.
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Descartes (Father of Modern Rationalism)



Descartes said that only one thing seemed to
him to be beyond a doubt, and that was his very
existence
own ____________.
think therefore I ____.”
am
He once said “I ______,
Descartes emphasized the importance of his
own ________,
and he asserted that he would
mind
reason said
accept only those things that his ________
were true. He has been called the “Father of
rationalism
modern day ____________,
the system of
thought that is based on the belief that reason
knowledge
is the chief source of _____________.
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The Scientific Method

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The Scientific Revolution gave birth to a process
scientific method
known as the _____________________,
which was
collecting
a systematic procedure for ____________
and
analyzing evidence.
____________
Francis Bacon
____________________,
an English philosopher,
developed the scientific method.
Bacon believed that scientists should rely on
inductive ____________
reasoning
__________
to learn about nature.
observations and
Bacon believed that systematic ____________
carefully organized ____________
experiments would lead to
correct general principles.
Video Clip
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Effects of Bacon’s Method
Many scientists, doctors, & philosophers
will use the Baconian Method, a.k.a. the
Scientific method to make new
___________
discoveries in the centuries to come.
 One such example is Dr. Edward Jenner
who used __________
inductive reasoning to come
smallpox
up with a cure for the disease _________.

Jenner Video Clip
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Political Thought of the 17th Century

English Revolutions of the 17th century
The ________
prompted 2 very different responses from two
Thomas Hobbes &
English political thinkers, _____________
John Locke
____________.
Hobbes
Locke
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Thomas Hobbes

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
Alarmed by the revolutionary _________ in England,
he wrote the book ____________ in 1651 to try to
deal with the disorder.
He claimed that before society was organized,
humans were solitary, poor, _______, ________, &
short. He felt that humans were not guided by
reason & moral ideas, but by _________ struggles
for self-preservation.
Hobbes stated that to save themselves from
___________ one another, people made a social
contract & agreed to a form of state which would
keep peace & provide defense.
He felt that ______________, was needed to
suppress rebellion & preserve order in society.
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John Locke
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Chapter 10-1 GRA
1. What did the writings of Ptolemy and
Archimedes make obvious?
These writings made it obvious that
some ancient thinkers had disagreed
with Aristotle & other accepted
authorities.
2. What new invention helped to spread
new scientific ideas quickly and easily?
The invention of the printing press.
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Where is Earth placed in the universe
according to the Ptolemaic system?
According to Ptolemy, Earth was at the
center.
4. Contrary to Ptolemy, what did
Copernicus argue concerning the
construction of the universe?
Copernicus argued that the Sun, not
Earth, was at the center of the universe.
5. What discoveries did Galileo make using
a telescope?
mountains on the moon, four moons
around Jupiter, and sunspots.
3.
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6.
7.
Why did the Church order Galileo to
abandon the Copernican idea of the
nature of the universe?
The Copernican challenged the Church’s
views of the universe and seemed to
contradict the Bible.
What did Isaac Newton define in his first
book, The Principia?
He defined 3 laws of motion that govern
the planetary bodies, as well as objects
on Earth.
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8.
9.
What did William Harvey’s observations
and experiments show?
Harvey showed that the heart- not the
liver- was the beginning point for the
circulation for blood.
What field of science in Germany
provided opportunities for women?
Astronomy
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10.
11.
What did Rene Descartes emphasize
and assert?
He emphasized the importance of his
own mind and asserted that he would
only accept those things that his reason
said were true.
Who developed the scientific method?
Francis Bacon, an English philosopher.
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