Transcript Document 7267593

Sykes-Picot Agreement
Founded by Sir Mark Sykes of Britain and George Picot of
France.
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Finalized in May 1916 during WWI
A plan of how France, Britain, and Russia would
divide the Middle East
France had control of five areas
Britain had control of six
Russia was cut out after Russian Revolution in
1917
Zones
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France: Armenia, Syria, Lebanon,
parts of Central Turkey, and
Northern Iraq
Britain: Southern Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, North coast of Saudi
Arabia, and Hafia
Some of these areas were in the
agreement, but they were
independent Arab states
International zones were open to
everyone
Balfour Agreement
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First sign of favor to Jews after WWI
Written on Nov.2,1917 by Authur James Balfour
Was a letter requesting if Jews can call Palestine
home
Letter was sent to Leader of Jewish community
in Britain
British cabinet made it possible for Jews to call
Palestine home
UN Resolution 181
They called for a British-ruled Palestine Mandate
into a Jewish state an Arab state
• For it to be approved on Nov.29,1947 the
votes would have to be 33 in favor, 13
against, 10 abstentions, and 1 absent
• Against: 13 Afghanistan, Cuba, Egypt,
Greece, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan,
Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Yemen.
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Feb. 1,1948 Jewish state &
facilities for substantial
immigrants evacuated
Armed forces of mandatory
power are withdrawn from
Palestine
Aug.1,1948 Palestine evacuated
& start formation of Jewish &
Arab state
The plan was good but it didn’t
stay that way because today the
Gaza Strip and the West Bank
don’t even touch each other
Jerusalem was not suppose to
be controlled by anyone but
today the Israelis control most
of it
The States/Territories
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A Jewish State covering 56.47% of Mandatory
Palestine (excluding Jerusalem) with a
population of 498,000 Jews and 325,000 Arabs;
 An Arab State covering 43.53% of Palestine,
with 807,000 Arab inhabitants and 10,000
Jewish inhabitants;
 An international trusteeship regime in
Jerusalem, where the population was 100,000
Jews and 105,000 Arabs.
Israeli War of Independence
1948
The First Arab- Israeli War
started day after Israel gained its independence
Israel’s declaration of Independence: May 14, 1948
First day of War: May 15, 1948
The first month: Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria attacked, few
Israeli forces kept Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan out of Tel Aviv (Capture of
Tel Aviv splits Jerusalem off of Israel)
June: U.N. declares cease fire
Israel gets supplies from Soviet-controlled
sources. ( Stalin wanted Israel so he could be a pest to
the British.)
July: Fighting resumes
Israelis fought back Egypt and Iraq
Jerusalem and the Western Wall held by Jordan.
Jerusalem’s lifeline to the coast was jeopardized.
Gaza held by Egypt
Golan Heights held by Syria
Results of the War
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Israel’s costliest war
6,000 or more Israelis
killed
30,000 Israelis wounded
All this out of only a
population of 780,000
people
Remaining Conflict
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At end of war, Palestinians left without any land
Huge Palestinian refugee problem
Jordanian control over West Bank almost cut Israel in half
Israel is only 10 miles wide at
narrowest point
Easy bombing opportunities for Syria b/c of their control over Golan
Heights
Chance of Egyptians blocking Sinai desert border
Would cut off Israel from Red Sea port: Eilat
Would lead to no exports or imports
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO)
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO)
- Founded in 1964 to give voice the Palestinians refugees
from Lebanese camps
- A Palestinian organization with the goal of getting land
back from Israel
- Supports terrorist activities
Umbrella organization to groups like:
-Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
-Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
-Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of
Palestine: General Coming
- Al-Fatah
Palestine Liberation Organization
(PLO)
• Early 70’s was highly involved with
terrorism attacks, but in the late 70’s under
international pressure they had to restrict
attacks.
- First leader was Yassir Arafat (1929–2004)
he took control of the PLO in 1969
- Arafat founded Al-Fatah 1959
- Current leader Muhammand Abbas
The 6 Day War
• War between Israel and Arab countries
(Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Jordan)
• The 3rd major Arab-Israeli conflict
• Began June 5, 1967
• Stemmed from Egypt’s decision to expel
United Nation troops from Sinai Peninsula
Pre War
• Arab-Israeli conflict starts when Israel
became nation
• 1965; 37 terrorists attacks were held on
Israel
• 1967; Egypt closed off straits of Tiran and
cut off oil supply to Israel from Asia
• Israel wanted to have a peace agreement,
but attacked Egypt only because they felt
Egypt had a plan to attack them first
6 Day War
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Involved 3 different battlefronts
Egyptian Front
Syrian Front
Jordanian Front
Israel used it’s air superiority to wipe out Arab
countries air force so they gained an advantage in
the land battle
Ended by Israel gaining Gaza Strip/West Bank
(Palestinians)
West Bank (Jordan)
Golan Heights (Syria)
Sinai Peninsula (Egypt)
Maps
Palestinian Refugees
Camp in West Bank
Map on third slide
• 1948 creation of Israel
• Palestinians were kicked out or
displaced in West Bank, Gaza,
Jordan Syria, and more place
• 1950’s a conditional offer was
make for people to go back
later did not go though
• War of 1960 made more
people move a total of 5 million
people
• After the war 77.94% of
Palestine fallen under Israel
control and 84.13% of
Jerusalem to. 85% became
Israeli, 7.2% Palestinians
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December 11, 1948 United
General Assembly adopted
resolution 194
This recognized the right to go
back home and land with
receiving compensation.
In the 1950’s United Nations
made UNRWA
(United Nations Relief and Work
Agency) this was to help the
displaced people. They and
Israel have set up agreements
that are not always fallowed
2002 Israel destroyed camp
Jenin ( west bank) after United
Nations say that could not
interfere with a camp in Gaza
Maps and pictures
The Camp David Accords
•Treaty signed by Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat
and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin
• Signed September 17, 1978 in Camp David, Maryland
•Jimmy Carter witnessed the signing
•It took 12 days to come up with the accord
•The first Israeli-Arab peace deal
•Ended 30-year war
•Negotiation for West Bank and
Gaza Strip
•Anwar al-Sadat was shot by
Egyptians because they didn’t
like the deal
The Camp David Accords
• Made up of two parts:
1. Gave the Sinai Peninsula back
and peace
between Israel and Egypt
2. Negotiate West Bank and
Gaza Strip
•Agree that military govt. and civilian
administration be withdrawn from
West Bank and Gaza Strip
•PLO (Pakistan) and Egypt rejected the accords and made
Oslo Accord – signed by PLO and Israel
Oslo Accords
– Included the PLO and the
Palestinian leader, Yasser Arafat
and the Israeli Prime Minister,
Yitzhak Rabin
– Had a face-to-face agreement in
Washington, D.C. with Bill
Clinton.
– Leaders’ first agreement.
– Some people did not like the
Oslo Accords
Oslo Accords
What Did the Accords Say?
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Israeli forces were to leave areas in the Gaza
Strip and West Bank
Religious freedom for all of the people in
Jerusalem
Security along the borders and checkpoints
remains in the Israeli forces hands
The Palestinians would be responsible for their
own affairs (no help from Israeli forces)
No Israeli forces during elections for the
Palestinian government
Did The Accords Fail or Succeed?
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Failed because of the unbalances of power
Israel was more developed and Palestine was
less structured
Lack of stability in political leadership on both
sides through the years
After the Failure of the Accords
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1993-Foreign Minister challenged them, saying
that they threatened to land a rocket in
Ashkelon
Since then rockets had been falling down all the
time
1,500 killed from the rockets and 10,000 hurt
from suicide bombs and shootings
More terrorists attacks than before the Accords
were signed
• Created by a merger of the Herut party
and the Liberal Party
• A political party in Israel
• Centre/ right winged party
• Founded= 1973
• Won its 1st election 1977(First time left
winged party lost)
• Liberal/ capitalist/ conservative
• Wanted to reduce taxes
• Ariel Sharon from this party started the
disengagement plan
• Current leader of the party: Benjamin
Netanyahu
• The Israeli evacuation of the Gaza
Strip and the West Bank
• Includes military evacuation
• Only part not evacuated by military:
“Philadelphi Route” (border between
Egypt and Israel
• Israel builds anti-terrorist security
fence
• Israel controls borders/ all air space
• Will destroy Israeli buildings
• Feb. 16 final version of plan passed
• 884 million U.S. dollars given to pay
for relocation of 9,000 jews living in
gaza strip and west bank
• Israelis didn’t want to leave (protested)
• Chance for a Palestinian country
Israeli Security Fence
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Also known as the Israeli West Bank barrier
Purpose of construction is to stop Palestinian terrorists from harming
Israelis
Construction began in 2002, and is still unfinished (3/4 completed) ,
projected finish date is sometime in 2010
The length is 670 kilometers (420 miles)
The wall consists of a concrete base and has a height of 8 meters
It is located mainly within the West Bank, partly along the 1949 Armistice
line, or "Green Line" between Israel and Jordan
Israeli Security Fence
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The wall has cause much controversy with the Israeli and Palestinian
people
Hundreds of Palestinian farmers and traders are cut off from their land
Two similar barriers, the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier and the Israeli-built 40foot (12 m) wall separating Gaza from Egypt
Israeli people heavily favor the construction of the wall
Palestinians believe the wall will cause reduced freedoms, reduction of
Israeli checkpoint and closures, loss of land, increased difficulty in
accessing medical services in Israel, restricted access to water sources,
change in political tactics and strategy, and economic effects.
Hezbollah
Location: Locations are
southern Beirut,
southern Lebanon, and
Bekaa Valley
Leader: Hasan
Nasrallah
By: Alex Wiley
Anti-Western and anti-Israeli
One terrorist act was 1985 hijacking of
TWA Against
flight 847
Four Main Ways of Operating
Israel
Dedicated
to liberating
Jerusalem
and
1: Bringing
terrorists
and collaborators
through base
the in
Began establishing
eliminating
Israel documents
border
using foreign
Lebanon in 1982
The End
Declared
themselves
Founding
statement
has a section
called “The
2: Setting
up a terrorist
organization
inside Israel and
the
“Party
of Destruction
God”and the of
Necessity
forSamaria
the
Israel”
Judea,
Gaza
Strip
3: Cross-border operationssmugglingmilitary
weapons
and of
Founded
seizure
Want the removal of all
Imad
non-Islamic
Fayez Mugniyah
influences
is the after
terrorism
terrorists
Lebanon in 1982
from the area
planner
4: Financial support for Palestinian organizations and
groups
Base is in
Lebanon’s
Shi’ite
dominate
areas
Group’s
highest
governing
body,
Majilis
Has been a major weapon
al-Shura, is led by Secretary General
supplier for Hamas
Hasan Nasrallah
July 2006 raid on a order
post kidnapping two Israeli
Receives aid from Iran and Syria soldiers
Facts on Hamas
THEY ARE:
• Terrorist Group
• Palestinian Militant
Movement
• Current LeaderMahmoud Al-Zahar
• In late 1987’s founded
by:
Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
Mohammed Taha
• Hamas in Arabic= “Zeal”
or fighting spirit
Where they attack•
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Palestinian Territories
West Bank
Gaza Strip
Israel
• Goals
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Combine Palestinian Nationalism with
Islamic Fundamentalism
Destruction of Israel
Want to create an Islamic State in West Bank
and Gaza Strip
• Beliefs
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“Peace talks will do no good”
“We do not believe we can live with the
enemy.”
• Good Things about
them- (they are not only a
terrorist group)
They fund:
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Schools,
orphanages,
mosques,
healthcare clinics,
soup kitchens
sports leagues
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Killed more than 500 people in 350
terrorist attacks since 1993
Bombed buses, streets, & buildings
Attacks civilians
Have wings devoted to these activities:
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Religious
Military
Political
Security
Map shows Hamas
fire rockets on Gaza
Picture shows
teaching young
children “Hamas
ways”