Transcript Document 7257675

Effects of Biological Invasion on the Composition, Chemistry
and 3-D Structure of Hawaiian Forests
Greg Asner & Roberta Martin
Department of Global Ecology
Carnegie Institution
Major Support:
NASA TEP-Biodiversity Program
WM Keck Foundation
http://cao.stanford.edu
Hawaii has a
Unique Portfolio of
Ecosystem Goods
and Services
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Carbon Storage and Sequestration
Water Quantity and Quality
Cultural Value
Recreational Services
Aesthetic Value
But we don’t have a clear way to
manage and conserve the major
contributors to these services. Who
are the contributors?
Contributors to Ecosystem Services
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Vegetation Structure for Habitat
Plant Diversity
Pollinators
Carbon Stocks in Vegetation and Soils
Topography/Terrain
Water Inputs and Losses
Biological invasion can alter (negatively affect) the
services provided by ecosystems
Myrica faya
Hedychium
Psidium cattleianum
Miconia calvensens
African grasses
Partnering Science with Conservation,
Management and Resource Policy Development in Hawaii
• Observations…………….both the rapid type and the long-term type
• Processes………………….our local and regional understanding
• Predictions………………..based on trends in our observations and
on our understanding of the critical processes
Scientific
Observations and
Understanding of
Processes
Conservation Plans and
Actions
Resource
Management
Remote Sensing Observations
• All are important
• Satellite
•• In-situ
Aircraftare for local processes
• In situ monitoring systems
• Satellites give broad pattern (often hard to
link back to management and conservation)
• Aircraft…
The Imaging Spectroscopy Concept
Plant Spectroscopy
Measurement of chemicals from a distance
16
Atmospheric Water Vapor
& Canopy water
14
Photosynthesis
Chl.
6H2O + 6CO2 + photon ==> C6O6H12 + 6O2
6
Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide.
8
Atmospheric Oxygen
Leaf Chlorophyll
and Other Key Pigments
10
2
Radiance (µW/cm /nm/sr)
12
4
Leaf Water, C, N
2
0
400
700
1000
1300
1600
Wavelength (nm)
1900
2200
2500
Developing Airborne Plant Spectroscopy
Asner Lab Activities 1995 - 2008
upper epidermis
palisade layer
spongy tissue
lower epidermis
Airborne Measurements of Plant Chemical Signatures
Hawaii-Australia Studies (2001-2008)
Canopy Chemicals
Fly over with spectrometer
300
0.9
SLA (cm2 g-1)
Water (g g-1)
250
0.8
Measured
Measured
200
150
0.7
0.6
100
0.5
50
r2 = 0.81
r2 = 0.71
0
0.4
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.4
0.5
0.6
Predicted
P (%)
0.3
Measured
Measured
3
2
1
0.2
0.1
2
r2 = 0.56
r = 0.71
0
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
0.0
0.1
0.2
Predicted
0.3
0.4
Predicted
12
6
Chl a (mg g-1)
Chl b (mg g-1)
10
5
8
4
Measured
Measured
0.9
0.4
N (%)
6
4
3
2
2
1
r2 = 0.83
r2 = 0.81
0
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Predicted
3.0
Car (mg g-1)
2.5
2.0
Measured
0.8
Predicted
4
Canopy Chemical
Model
0.7
1.5
1.0
0.5
r2 = 0.78
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Predicted
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Leaves  Canopies
16
Canopy water
14
Photosynthesis
Chl.
8
6
Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide.
Leaf Chlorophyll
and Other Key Pigments
10
Atmospheric Oxygen
6H2O + 6CO2 + photon ==> C6O6H12 + 6O2
2
Radiance (µW/cm /nm/sr)
12
4
Leaf carbon and nitrogen
2
0
400
700
1000
1300
1600
Wavelength (nm)
1900
2200
2500
Waveform Light Detection and Ranging (wLiDAR)
Inertial Motion Analysis
To boresight align sensors in 3-D, for tracking the location of
ground targets at super high spatial resolution
The Carnegie Airborne Observatory (launched Jan 2007)
Waveform Light Detection and Ranging (wLiDAR)
Imaging Spectroscopy
+
What are we after?
Detailed chemical, structural and biological
information on ecosystem health on land and in
coastal environments, and at fine spatial
resolution
Carnegie
Processing Stream
CAO Alpha System
(VNIR and wLiDAR)
CAO-JPL
Beta System
(AVIRIS and CAO-LiDAR)
Prototyping with the CAO-JPL Beta System
JPL AVIRIS
Spectrometer
JPL AVIRIS
Spectrometer
35 m
Carnegie
LiDAR
18-20m
8-12 m
The Many Faces of Biological Invasion
Deforestation and Invasion
Old Invaded Landscapes
Infrastructure and Invasion
Invasion Fronts on Protected Lands
Biogeochemical Responses to Invasion
Clouds &
Development
Ohia (Metrosideros) Forest
Kilauea Iki
Crater
Kilauea Caldera
Lava Flows
Remote Measurement of Canopy Chemistry
Canopy Nitrogen Concentration
Leaf
Nitrogen
Canopy Water Content
Canopy
Water
Kilauea Iki
Kilauea Iki
Kilauea Volcano
Kilauea Volcano
0 mm
Canopy Water
2500 mm
0%
Leaf Nitrogen
2.5 %
Canopy Chemistry  Invasive Species
Myrica invasion front
(high leaf nitrogen)
Myrica infestations
(high leaf nitrogen
and high canopy water)
Kilauea Caldera
Hedychium in
forest understory
(high canopy water)
High Canopy Water
High Leaf Nitrogen
High Water & Nitrogen
Low Water & Nitrogen
Field Studies
• Leaf N and canopy water highly
correlated with field measurements
• Species played themselves out by
chemical make-up
• Red: Myrica
• Green: Mixed Myrica-Ohia
• Cyan: Ohia
• Blue: Ohia w/ginger in understory
Fractional material cover from
spectral mixture analysis
Spectral Mixture
Analysis
Invasive species and nitrogen-fixing PFT
Biochemical
Leaf nitrogen concentration
Fingerprinting
Hyperspectral RT
Model + PLS
Biogeochemical
Analysis
Soil nitrogen oxide trace gas emissions
Hyperspectral RT
Model Inversion
Canopy water content
Combining HiFIS and
LiDAR for Invasive Species
Detection and Analysis
Live vs Dead Trees and
Minimum LAI for Chem
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Pre-screened Image
Constant Sun-View
Geometry
LiDAR Data
HiFIS Imagery
(A)
Suitable
Unsuitable
Species Detection
Based on Chemistry
Invasive Species in
Remote, Protected
Reserves
Species Detection
Based on Chemistry
Wao Kele O Puna Reserve
Yellow-white areas are
positive detections for
invasive Brazilian
strawberry guava tree
Zoom window
Field Validation
Detecting Plants in the Forest Understory
Cleared
H. gardnerianum
3-D Sectional Views of the Forest
Invaded Forest
26 m
(A)
18 m
(B)
1m
(C)
Native Forest
3-D Sectional Views of the Forest
Invaded Forest
Native Forest
31 m
8m
(D)
8m
(E)
12 m
3-D Sectional Views of the Forest
Height (m)
(a) Montane Forests
38-40
36-38
34-36
32-34
30-32
28-30
26-28
24-26
22-24
20-22
18-20
16-18
14-16
12-14
10-12
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
0.5-2
0-0.5
38-40
36-38
34-36
32-34
30-32
28-30
26-28
24-26
22-24
20-22
18-20
16-18
14-16
12-14
10-12
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
0.5-2
0-0.5
F. uhdei
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
M. polymorpha +
Understory ferns
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(b) Sub-montane Forests
20-22
20-22
M. faya
Height (m)
18-20
18 m
16-18
14-16
14-16
12-14
12-14
10-12
10-12
8-10
8-10
6-8
6-8
4-6
4-6
2-4
2-4
0.5-2
0.5-2
0-0.5
M. polymorpha +
C. glaucum +
D. linearis
18-20
16-18
0-0.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
(d) Lowland Forests
24-26
F. moluccana +
P. cattleianum
22-24
20-22
31 m
Height (m)
18-20
16-18
14-16
12-14
10-12
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
8m
0.5-2
0-0.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
38-40
36-38
34-36
32-34
30-32
28-30
26-28
24-26
22-24
20-22
18-20
16-18
14-16
12-14
10-12
8-10
6-8
4-6
2-4
0.5-2
0-0.5
M. polymorpha +
P. sandwicensis
0
5
10
15
20
Percentage of Laser Returns
25
30
Death by Shade
Death by
Rhizome
Friendly Foes
Cut-off @ Knees
Summary Statistics for 3-D Effects of Invasive Trees
Lessons Learned in Hawaii
• There are measurable changes in composition, chemistry and 3-D structure
that indicate major impacts of invasion on forest functioning.
• Invasive species can alter the fundamental functioning (chemistry) and
structure of native forests. Physical disturbance is not necessary to trigger the
proliferation of introduced species. Fencing and protection is not enough –
active management action is required on a continuous basis.
• Airborne measurements are becoming interchangeable with field
measurements at the scale of individual crowns and plots.
• Airborne measurements sometimes provide totally new information
unobtainable on the ground.
• It is likely that a combination of spaceborne LiDAR and HiFIS can provide this
type of information, albeit at a different scale. The Hawaii studies are glimpses
into the future decadal survey missions.