Transcript Becoming a World Power- Imperialism 1872-1912 Chapter 14
Becoming a World Power- Imperialism
1872-1912 Chapter 14
The Imperialist Vision
14 Section 1
America’s Imperialist Vision Immediately after the Civil, most Americans showed little interest in expanding the nation’s territory.
Beginning in the 1880’s, economic & military competition from other nations & a feeling of superiority led America to become a world power.
New Imperialism many European powers were ALREADY expanding.
Overseas.
Imperialism - the economic & political domination of a Strong nation over weak nations.
Why?
- 1. High tariffs- led nations to seek new markets.
2. Raw materials- Europe’s factories needed resources
Anglo-Saxonism
Protectorates To protect their investment, Europeans set up Protectorates (local rulers who protected investors against rebellion).
Why America became an imperialist Power
1. Need for overseas markets & raw materials 2. Feelings of superiority Social Darwinism- argued that nations competed & strongest survived.
* Anglo-Saxonism- (John Fiske & Josiah Strong)- English speaking nations had superior character, ideas, & government.
Strong linked Anglo-Saxonism to missionary ideals.
*“the White Man’s Burden”
Push for a Modern Navy
3. *
Alfred T. Mahan-
wrote the book
The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890).
argued that a nation needed a large navy to protect trade ships & defend the right to trade.
Americans began to call for a large modern navy to be built
.
America Eyes the Pacific
American businessmen wanted trade with China & Japan.
Asian countries worried that contact with the west would destroy their culture.
1852- Pres. Millard Fillmore sent Commodore
Matthew Perry
to force a trade agreement on Japan.
1853- Perry arrived off coast of Japan (4 warships)=
Treat of Kanagawa
Japan signed a trade treaty- & slowly began to modernize & industrialize.
Hawaii
Increased trade with Japan & China led to more interest in Hawaii.
1820 New England missionaries had settled there; US whaling ships used it as a base.
the fertile soil was good for growing sugarcane= American settlers built sugar plantations there.
1872- recession hit Hawaii & the US exempted them from sugar tariffs & in exchange Hawaiians granted the US the right to use Pearl Harbor as a naval base.
US Planters Want Hawaii
1891 Queen Liliuokalani took the throne; American planters disliked her 1893- the Queen attempted to impose a constitution that would have given her authority US Planter settlers tried to overthrow the Queen supported by US Marines & set a temp. government & asked the US to annex Hawaii.
the Queen did not resist because she feared for her people Within 5 years- the US annexed Hawaii .
Latin America
Latin America Most Latin Americans bought their goods from Europe. 1889-
The Pan-American Conference-
all American nations to reduce tariffs.
US wanted Sponsored by Sec. of State James G. Blaine All Latin American nations except Dominican Republic attended.
Goal- get Latin Americans to shift from buying European to buying American.
14 Sec. 2 The Spanish-American War
1898- Cuba & Puerto Rico were Spain’s oldest colonies in the Americas.
Cuba produced great wealth for Spain (1/3 of world’s sugar) Until 1886- 1/3 of Cuba’s population was enslaved 1868- Jose Marti led an unsuccessful revolt in Cuba against Spain (Marti escaped to the US).
America became economically linked to Cuba
Cuba exported sugar to the US Americans invested more than $50 million in Cuba: mines, railroads, & sugar plantations.
1894- US imposed a new tariff (McKinley Tariff) that hurt Cuban sugar & economy. 1895- Jose Marti returned to Cuba to start a new revolt; declared the Republic of Cuba est.
Yellow Journalism
** Yellow Journalism-
sensationalistic & exaggerated stories merely to attract readers
* Contributed to US INVOLVEMENT IN WAR
When the Cuban revolt began-Pres. Cleveland declared that the US would be neutral.
most Americans came to support the Cuban rebels because of stories of Spanish cruelty printed in US newspapers.
New York Journal & New York World were competing newspapers (OWNED BY William Randolph Hearst & Joseph Pulitzer). Both newspapers printed exaggerated stories about the Spanish treatment of Cubans
Yellow Journalism
Hearst
“You provide the pictures, I’ll provide the war”
Pulitzer
Cuba Heats up
Spain sent almost 20,000 troops to Cuba & appointed Gen. Valeriano Weyler (“the Butcher”) as governor.
Cuban rebels targeted plantations, railroads, & sugar mills (hoping to lead the US to get involved).
1897- William McKinley became President & did not want to get involved.
McKinley got Spain to make concessions: 1.
Weyler used “re-concentration camps” = thousands of Cuban civilians died.
Remove Weyler from power 2.
Offer Cuban autonomy (self rule)-Cubans refuse
America Enters the Conflict
Jan. 1898- Pres. McKinley sent the
USS Maine
to Havana Harbor, Cuba to evacuate Americans if needed.
Feb. 1898- New York Journal printed the private letter of Enrique Dupuy de Lome . In the letter, de Lome described the US president as “weak”= US citizens angry!!
** Feb. 15, 1898- USS Maine exploded & sank.
US citizens believed Spain was responsible (“Remember the Maine ”)
USS Maine
Before After
Congress Authorized War
Congress authorized $50 million to prepare for war Jingoists - Republicans who pushed for war (nationalistic); like Theodore Roosevelt April 1898- McKinley asked Congress to declare war!
The War was Fought on Two Fronts 1. Cuba & the Phillipines
the US navy blockaded Cuba The Philippines- a Spanish colony was the location of the Spanish fleet. *US Commodore George Dewey & US navy sent to destroy Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay in Philippines.
1. The Philippines
20,000 US troops were sent from SF & on the way captured Guam (today American territory) US sought help from
Emilio Aguinaldo
(Filipino revolutionary) to rebel against the Spanish.
Aguinaldo & rebels seized islands & the US seized the Philippines & Manila.
After the US captured Manila, it prevented Aguinaldo from entering= Filipino rebels will turn against the US.
2. Battle Front Cuba
Spanish troops in Cuba: weak from fighting rebels, poorly trained, weak from disease.
Americans- poorly equipped & trained- lots of volunteers.
June 1898- 17,000 US troops land east of Santiago (capital).
Big Spanish guns at Santiago protected Spanish ships in Santiago Harbor (US wanted to capture those guns).
**The Rough Riders
sports jocks. : US volunteer Calvary unit; composed of cowboys & led by Leonard Wood; second in command Theodore Roosevelt
American Objective- Santiago
July 1- US troops launch a 3 pronged attack Village of El Caney, San Juan Hill, Kettle Hill Rough Riders & all black 9th & 10th Calvary captured Kettle Hill & next helped capture San Juan Hill.
Spanish commander ordered Spanish navy out of harbor= US navy sank or beached all Spanish ships!
1.
2.
3.
The War Comes to an End
Spanish troops in Santiago (Cuba) Surrendered & US troops captured Puerto Rico (still US territory today). Dec.10 1898- US & Spain signed
The Treaty of Paris.
Cuba became an independent nation US gets Guam & Puerto Rico US paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines (we had captured Manila a day after the cease fire was signed
)
San Juan Hill Charge!!
Charge of San Juan Hill- by Remington
**The Platt Amendment
Cuba was independent but, President McKinley took steps to ensure Cuba would be tied to the US.
Cuba could create a new constitution but the following conditions were supplied by Sen. Orville Platt: a) Cuba could not make a treaty with another country that weakened its independence. b) Cuba had to allow the US to buy or lease a naval base in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay!) c) Cuba had to maintain low debts d) US could intervene to keep peace or protect Cuban independence.
Puerto Rico
**The Foraker Act (1900)- established a civil government, elected legislature, governor appointed by the US.
Supreme Court ruled that Puerto Ricans are not US citizens & have no constitutional rights.
1917- Puerto Ricans given US citizenship Today- Should Puerto Rico be a state, independent, or continue as a common wealth of the US?? The Philippines Americans debated whether to annex To annex: would provide Pacific base, large market, stop over on the way to China.
The Philippines
annex because America had the duty to civilize “less civilized people” .
Opposition to annexation The White Man’s Burden William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Carnegie & others cost of empire outweighed benefits cheap Filipino labor would drive down American wages US decided to annex the islands Rebellion in the Philippines its Anti-American Emilio Aguinaldo & rebels attacked US forces 126,000 US troops sent to combat insurgency US used “re-concentration camps”
Americans try to win the hearts & minds
William Howard Taft: chosen as civilian governor of the Philippines.
improved education, transportation, & healthcare public schools built certain diseases virtually wiped out- small pox Filipino people became less hostile to the US March 1901- Aguinaldo captured & rebels surrender 1930’s allowed to elect own congress & president 1946- US granted them independence
American Imperialism
14 Section 3 New American Diplomacy
1899 US was a powerful force in Asia 3 rd largest navy in world China only bought 2% of US exports Primary interest in Asia: commerce
Open Door Policy & China
War: China vs. Japan for control of Korea Japan easily defeated China; awarded Manchuria Proved Japan’s military technology was catching up to Western technology
Open Door In China
Russia did not want Japan controlling Manchuria; bordered Russia France, Germany and Russia forced Japan to give land back to China 1898- Russia demanded China to lease the territory to Russia.
China then leased the land out to Russia Still belong to China but a Russian gov’t would control it (“leaseholds”)
Germany, France and Britain also demanded to lease Chinese land (“leaseholds”) Pres McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay asked for *“
Open Door Policy
” *Spheres of Influence: foreign nation control economic development (railroads or mining) American officials became worried that they would be cut out of trade in China.
**Every country should be allowed to trade with China All countries involved accepted the Open Door Policy
Political Cartoon- Open Door
The Boxer Rebellion
Chinese people disagreed on foreign control Western countries called these rebels Boxers (“Society of Harmonious Fists”) The Boxers believed that foreigners were “devils”
Boxer Soldier Russian troops in Beijing
The Rebellion Begins
Boxer Rebellion: took over some foreign embassies, killed 200+ foreigners and took others prisoner Killed German Ambassador Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia and US sent troops in response.
Countries agreed China would pay for damages as long as China would not be broken up into European colonies
1900 Election
McKinley chose Theodore Roosevelt as running mate & defeated Williams Jennings Bryan, again (Imperialism vs. Anti-Imperialism) Shot and killed by an anarchist (Leon Czolgosz) in Sept 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes Pres (42 years old-youngest person to become pres.) Favored increasing US prestige in the world accepted Anglo-Saxonism- civilize the less civilized
Roosevelt’s Foreign Policies
Roosevelt's Foreign Policy “ Speak softly and carry a big stick” Roosevelt & Asia Maintained “Open Door” policy in China Japan & the US relationship began to deteriorate after this (both struggled for power in Asia) Sent the “
Great White Fleet
” (16 warships) around the world to show off our might.
T. Roosevelt & Japan
1. Roosevelt helped Russia & Japan negotiate an end to their war (Russo Japanese War); won the Nobel Peace prize!
2. *
The Gentleman’s Agreement
: Japan will limit emigration to the US/ Roosevelt will get California to repeal discriminatory laws.
Roosevelt & the Panama Canal
1850’s US & Britain agreed to build a canal through Central America. 1881- A French company began to build a canal but failed & sold its rights to build in Panama to the US 1901-* Hay-Poncefote Treaty : Britain gave the US the right to build canal alone & control it.
2 areas long considered a good place for a canal: Nicaragua or Panama Panama was controlled by Columbia; US offered Columbia $10 million plus $250,000/year Columbia refused the offer.
Panama wanted the canal & independence from Columbia
TR Makes the Canal Happen
The US & France collaborated & sent Philippe Bunau –Varilla to Panama to help start a revolt.
Nov. 1903 TR sent 10 US warships to Panama to ensure that Columbia did not interfere in the revolt.
US recognized Panama as independent US got the right to build & control the Panama Canal for many years. Facts: canal cut 8,000 miles off the trip from Atlantic to Pacific, cost $250 million, thousands of workers to build (1000’s died).
Panama Canal Under Construction
Roosevelt & Latin America
* Roosevelt Corollary : an addition to Monroe Doctrine
*The US has the right to intervene in Latin America when necessary to maintain stability
Goal was to prevent Europe from using debt problems to justify intervention
TR used the Corollary in the Dominican Republic in 1905 The Dominican Republic had fallen behind in debt payments to Europe so TR used the Marines to collect the debt on
behalf of Europe.
1904- 1924 US presidents will use Roosevelt Corollary to send forces to Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua= poor relations with LA
President William Howard Taft (1909 1913)
** T. Roosevelt stepped down after 2 terms; still tradition--- chose his friend William Taft Election 1908- Taft (R) v. William Jennings Bryan(D); Taft won & continued TR’s policies placed much less emphasis on military intervention in Latin America *
Dollar Diplomacy
: believed that if American business supported Latin American businesses Latin America could rise out of poverty. American banks took over loans Latin America owed to Europe.
Ex) Nicaragua: shaky government; US bankers loaned them money in 1911- US Marines entered & replaced collector agent with US agent.
Foreign Policy-President Woodrow Wilson
Inaugurated 1913 University Professor Strong on domestic issues not foreign policy Wanted a new foreign policy of “sheer honesty and even unselfishness” Opposed imperialism Wanted to promote democracy by moral example President 1913-1921
Mexico & Wilson
Mexico- ruled by a dictator for more than 30 years (Porfirio Diaz) Mexico became industrialized & foreign investors owned much of the factories & RR Mexican citizens were poor & landless 1911- a revolution erupted led by Francisco Madero Feb. 1913- Gen. Victoriano Huerta seized power & killed Madera.
President Wilson angered- did not recognize the government of Huerta.
Wilson allowed arms to be shipped to opponents of Huerta.
The Tampico Incident
April 1914- US sailors were seized while visiting the port of Tampico Sailors quickly released US commander demanded an apology from Mexican government- did not get one Wilson asked Congress if he could use force Wilson ordered US warships to shell Veracruz & sent Marines to seize the city.
International mediation ended the showdown Mexico’s new president Carranza was supported by the US
Pancho Villa & Wilson
Many Mexican citizens did not like Carranza conducted raids on US soil hoping to get Wilson to intervene March 1916- Pancho Villa & rebels attacked Columbus, NM (KILLED 16 AMERICANS) Wilson sent 6,000 troops under Gen. John Pershing to capture Villa Villa was never captured by US troops Wilson withdrew troops as US involvement in WWI came close
Wilson & Latin America
Wilson damaged US relations with Latin America & around the world 1914- got rights to naval bases & canal in Nicaragua 1915- sent US Marines to Haiti to put down a rebellion (stayed until 1934).
1916- sent US troops to Dominican Republic to keep order & set up democratic government there
Chapter 15 Sec. 1- Roots of Progressivism – (T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson)
*
Progressivism
- a collection of ideas & activities; responses to problems caused by industrialization & urbanization in US society.
Progressives offered solutions to many of societies problems (many left over from the Populist Movement).
Characteristics of Progressives : 1.
2.
3.
4.
*Mainly white, middle class, and well educated Found in both the Republican Party & Democrat Party.
*Demanded that government take a more active role in solving society’s problems. *Strong faith in science & technology to improve society also.
Problems Targeted by Progressives
Poor sanitation & safety- crowded cities & unsafe workplaces. Poor working conditions, unsafe factories, child labor, no min. wage laws, monopolies & trusts.
Corrupt Politicians- Political machines, machine “bosses” Alcohol abuse- blamed for many of society’s problems Women denied the right to vote (suffrage) Segregation (Jim Crow), lynching, poll taxes,
The “Muckrakers ”
*
Muckrakers
- journalists who investigated & reported social & political problems.
Popular magazines: McClure’s, Collier’s; 5 & 10 cent magazines- popular among US citizens.
Stories printed by muckrakers- were not “yellow journalism”- could be sued by corporations & people they wrote about if not true!
*Notable Muckrakers
1.
Jacob Riis “ How the Other Half Lives”- wrote about immigrant life in NYC.
2.
3.
4.
Lincoln Steffens “Shame of the Cities”- wrote about corruption of Political machines Ida Tarbell investigated Standard Oil Co.
Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”- wrote about meatpacking industry.
Progressive Reforms- Government
Progressives wanted to make government more efficient.
A.
Efficient Government Reforms Modern cities needed to use business management techniques (break tasks down into smaller units).
*Commission Plan- divided city government into several departments (each department under an expert commissioner's control)-Galveston, Texas 1901 adopted.
* Council-Manager system- city council hires a city manager to run a city instead of a mayor
1.
Progressives wanted government to be more democratic
Goal- make elected officials more accountable to voters.
“The Wisconsin Idea”- Progressive Governor of Wisconsin- Robert La Follette La Follette- attacked the way parties ran conventions (bosses ran convention= chose who was nominated).
La Follette endorsed the *direct primary system= all party members vote (nominate) for a candidate to run in the general election Other states began to use the direct primary
Progressive Government Reforms
1.
2.
3.
*Initiative- allows a group of citizens to introduce legislation (laws) *Referendum- allows citizens to vote directly on a proposed law (such as a proposed lottery or tax) without going to the state legislature. *Recall- allows citizens of a state to demand a special election to remove an elected official.
** all of these are still in use today in the US 4. Secret Ballot (Australian Ballot)- voters allowed to secretly mark ballots.
Government Reforms-The Senate
The US constitution allowed only state legislatures to elect 2 Senators for each state= citizens had no say!
Political machines & businesses bribed state officials – once elected, Senators gave special favors to businesses & political machines Progressives demanded *Direct election of Senators by state voters.
*1913- 17 th Amendment – allows direct election of US Senators by citizens.
1.
Women Suffrage History
1848-* Seneca Fall Convention- Elizabeth Cady Stanton pushed women to demand the right to vote. Before the Civil War- women suffragists focused efforts mainly on abolition of slavery- not voting rights.
After the war, Congress granted equal rights & right to vote to black men (women were angered & split over the 14 th & 15 th Amendments).
*The National Woman Suffrage Association
(NWSA)- Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony founded 1869- NY.
Focused on getting a constitutional amendment allowing women the right to vote.
2.
Woman Suffrage
The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)- Lucy Stone/ Julia Ward-leaders.
Focused on getting the right to vote in states first.
1890- AWSA & NWSA joined together = * The National American Woman’s Suffrage Association (NAWSA) Progressive era (1890-1920)- middle class women & working class women became for vocal about suffrage.
1900- only Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, & Colorado allowed women to vote
The Fight for Suffrage
During the Progressive Era the fight to vote intensified= marches, lobbying law makers, speeches.
*1913- 1 day before President Wilson's inauguration day- NAWSA held a march on Washington – organized by * Alice Paul for NAWSA.
NAWSA- members were shocked by Paul’s tactics= Paul begins National Woman’s Party= picketed the Whitehouse, blocked sidewalks, chained themselves to lampposts- hunger strikes.
Women get Suffrage
1915 Carrie Chapman Catt became NAWSA’s leader- pushed for Wilson’s reelection.
1920- *
19 th Amendment
–gave women the right to vote (3/4 of states ratified it) Carrie Chapman Catt Alice Paul
3.
1.
2.
Social Reform
Many Progressives focused on reforming social problems.
Settlement Houses provided help for immigrants- *
Jane Addams (Hull House)
Child Labor- states passed laws that set min. age for work or set max. hours children could work. (John Spargo- “Bitter Cry of Children”) Health & Safety – *Worker Compensation Laws- states set up insurance funds for injured workers.
Lochner v. NY (1905)- turned down a 10 hour work day for bakers in NY law. Muller v. Oregon (1908)- court recognized that women needed ‘special protection in workplace”= shorter workday etc.
Progressives & health & safety
4.
5.
*Zoning laws- created zones in cities set aside strictly for residential, commercial etc.
* Building Codes- set min. standards for light, air, room size, sanitation, & fire escapes.
* Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911) doors locked from inside- no fire escape 150 mostly female workers died= showed need for strict building codes. 6. *Health codes- inspection of restaurants.
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
Prohibition
Progressives blamed some of society’s problems on alcohol abuse.
Movement led by women (settlement house workers & others), religious groups, business groups.
1911- Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WTCU) = 250,000 members Anti-Saloon League 1919 *18 th Amendment- outlawed alcohol in the US (Prohibition) 1933-*21 ST prohibition Amendment – ended
Progressives vs. Big Business
Progressives pushed for regulations for businesses & break up of big companies.
1890- Sherman Anti-Trust Act- ineffective at stopping monopolies; used to break up Unions!
1914- Clayton Anti-Trust Act - more effective; specified that Unions could strike & bargain- “Magna Carta for Unions” Some Progressives pushed for socialism= government ownership of businesses.
1912 Election- Socialist candidate Eugene V.
Debs gained almost 1 million votes.
*Failure of the Progressives
*Progressives did not address segregation, lynching, poll taxes, literacy tests, black poverty in the South Disenfranchisment Why did Progressives fail to address racial issues?
Progressives pushed for more democracy & efficiency in government but only for whites.
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson- set up “Jim Crow” segregation in the US for 60 years.
Shared the prejudices of the time period Favored reforms that helped a wider portion of the US
African –American Leaders
Booker T. Washington- educator at Tuskegee Institute; advocated black education & vocational training.
W.E.B. Dubois- advocated blacks receive equal rights immediately. *1905 Niagara Falls Movement- led by W.E.B. Dubois- met to discuss how to achieve civil rights.
Led to the creation of the *NAACP (1908) STILL EXISTS!
Chapter 15 Sec. 2- Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Policies
1901-1909
During the 19th century presidents had consistently taken the side of business.
TR insisted he wanted a “Square Deal” for workers, business owners, & public.
* Coal Strike 1902- United Mine Workers Union called a strike (150,000) miners walked off the jobs.
coal prices went up- winter was coming on TR tried to mediate- the mine owners refused to bargain – TR threatened take over the mines.
Mine owners decide to increase wages & 8 hour workday- but do not recognize the Union!
Roosevelt the “Trust-Buster
TR busted up Northern Securities (a combination of several Railroad companies)- Northern Securities v. US Roosevelt took action against Standard Oil & 40 other companies TR -1st president to enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890).
allowed “good” trusts (which used efficiency & low prices) like utilities.
Elkins Act 1903- gave ICC more power to stop Railroads from giving rebates to big corporations.
Hepburn Act (1906): allowed ICC to set fair RR rates.
TR as “Trustbuster”
Roosevelt Protects Consumers
Reaction to Upton Sinclair's book, The Jungle forced Congress to act *
Pure Food & Drug Act
manufacture, & transporting of adulterated or mislabeled foods & drugs. *
Meat Inspection Act
(1906): prohibited sale, (1906): federal government inspectors visit meatpacking factories & enforce sanitation standards. (still used today)
Roosevelt & Conservation of Natural Resources
* Roosevelt’s most lasting legacy * set aside 150 million acres of federal land-not to be used for private business (becomes national parks) Chose Gifford Pinchot to head conservation
Theodore Roosevelt’s Impact
** power of the executive branch (presidency) increased.
** Americans look to federal government to solve societal problems.
Election of 1908
1909-1913 Close friend of Theodore Roosevelt Election of 1908 Taft (Republican) vs.
William J. Bryan (3 time Loser)
•Could hold 4 average sized Men!!!
Taft’s Tub
*Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Most Progressives wanted lower tariffs TR warned Taft- not to reform the tariff because it would divide the Party Taft – called on Congress to lower tariffs *The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Barely cut tariffs- actually raised tariffs on a few products ** angered some Republican Progressives & split the Republican Party
Taft v. Pinchot
Taft angered Republican Progressives by replacing Sec. of Interior James R. Garfield with Richard Ballinger.
Ballinger tried to open 1 million acres of public forests to private businesses.
Head of the Forest Service (Gifford Pinchot) criticized Ballinger= Taft fired Pinchot (TR had personally hired Pinchot) * By 1910 most Americans believed Taft was not a real Progressive 1910- Congressional Elections=Democrats won majority in House; Progressive Republicans took control of Senate
Was Taft a True Progressive?
Twice as many anti-trust cases in 4 years as Roosevelt had in 7 years 1912 Children’s Bureau- created federal agency that publicized problems of child labor (still exists today) 1910- Bureau of Mines- created to monitor mining companies, expand national forests.
Theodore Roosevelt is back!
1911- Taft stopped the merger of US Steel & Tennessee Coal & Iron (TR had ok’ed the merger before he left office) Nov. 1911- TR criticized Taft’s decision (allow trusts to exist but regulate them) Progressives begged TR to run for President again!
Feb. 1912- TR announced that he would attempt to replace Taft as nominee for Republicans in 1912 election.
The 1912 Election
Republican convention (Chicago) 1912 Conservatives backed Taft- Progressives backed TR.
Conservative Republicans had more votes & nominated Taft= Progressives walked out.
*The Progressive Party *(Bull Moose Party) Formed by Progressive Republicans to nominate TR.
Democrats
Nominated Woodrow Wilson (Progressive Democrat) Former Gov. of NJ Socialist Party- nominated Eugene V. Debs
Election Political Cartoons
Political Cartoon- Republican Convention 1912
“I believe in giving Every man a square Deal”
Roosevelt's **
New Nationalism
1.
Roosevelt's- * New Nationalism Accept large trusts as a fact of life & regulate them more 2.
3.
New laws to protect women & children in workplace Supported worker compensation laws 4.
Really a contest between TR & Wilson (2 Progressive candidates) Supported women’s suffrage
*
Wilson’s New Freedom Plan
Monopolies & trust should be destroyed Regulated monopolies did not improve competition TR’s programs gave US government too much power 1912 Election Result!
TAFT & TR split the Republican vote= Wilson won! Socialist candidate Debs won about 1 million votes!!
Wilson’s Accomplishments
1.
Wilson promised to attack (reform) the *“triple wall of privilege” – Tariffs, banking, & trusts Tariffs- Wilson believed that lower tariffs meant better competition = better quality & lower prices.
*1 st president to appear before a joint session of Congress in person *1913 Underwood Tariff average tariff by 30% reduced the Called for an income tax on individuals *1913-
17 th Amendment-
gave government power to tax income.
1.
Wilson’s Banking Reform
US Bank had not been around since 1830’s Economic depressions destroyed banks & wiped out savings= citizens don’t trust banks!
*
The Federal Reserve Act
(1913) established a system in which banks keep a portion of deposits on reserve in a regional bank .
Set up 12 regional banks supervised by Board of Governors appointed by Pres.
Board sets interest rates Allows federal supervision of banks
12 Federal Reserve Districts
Wilson & Trust Reform
1.
Wilson promised to restore competition to the US economy.
1914-
Federal Trade Commission
created.
Monitors business Can stop companies from interfering with competition 2. 1914
Clayton Antitrust Act
than Sherman Antitrust law. – more effective law Stopped price discrimination Stopped “tying agreements” *Allowed unions to exist legally “the Magna Carta” for labor unions (Samuel Gompers)
• •
1.
Wilson & Business Regulation
Keating-Owens Child Labor Act
1 st (1916) federal law regulating child labor.
Prohibited employment of children under age 14 in factories producing goods that would be transported from state to state.
**Supreme Court & constitution allowed US government to regulate interstate commerce.
1918- Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional because child labor was not interstate commerce (so only states can regulate).
Wilson’s Reforms for Workers
1.
2.
Adamson Act- est. a 8 hour workday for Railroad workers.
The Federal Farm Loan Act- gave farmers low interest loans.