Transcript Texans Go to War Unit 6: Chapter 15
Unit 6: Chapter 15 Sections 2-3
Texans Go to War
In its declaration of secession, Texas stated that it intended to go to war to preserve a southern way of life that made racial distinctions, in part, by maintaining blacks in a condition of servitude.
Civil War Begins
•
The Civil War begins on April 1861 at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
•
Confederate forces fire on a Union fort in the harbor and war begins
•
Beauregard vs. Anderson – Friends yet enemies. Beauregard led the Confederate troops and Anderson led the Union troops.
Many Texans Become Soldiers
•
Thousands of Texans like other Southerners joined the Confederate army immediately.
•
In April 1862, the Confederate Congress passed the Conscription Act which required men of a certain age to serve in the Confederate military
•
German Americans and many other European immigrants to Texas objected to fighting against the Union
.
The two highest-ranking Texans in the Confederate army were Albert Sidney Johnston and John Bell Hood.
Most Texans Support the South
•
After the war began, most Texans who previously had been against secession now supported the Confederacy.
•
James W. Throckmorton, who had voted against secession, realized that he could not fight against Texas.
•
About 60,000 Texans joined the armed forces of the Confederacy.
5TH TEXAS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, CO. K
Some Texans Aid the Union
•
About 2,000 Texas Unionists, including 50 African-Americans, took up arms for the Union. Mexican-Americans served on both sides of the war.
•
Many Texas Unionists who did not want to fight on either side left Texas.
Major Battles of the Civil War
Study the charts that follow and decide: What were the Union Advantages?
What were the Confederate Advantages?
Rating the North & South Population
Railroad Lines in 1860
Industries & Workers: North & South
Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil War
Union
“
Anaconda
”
Plan
• 1.
Capture Richmond, Virginia
– Capital of Confederacy • 2.
Blockade Southern ports
– Prevent trade with other countries • 3.
Capture the Mississippi River
– Cut Confederacy in half – Cut off trade routes from New Orleans and Texas
Strategies
• Union strategy to conquer South was called the
Anaconda Plan
.
• Confederate strategy to win the Union:
1) defend
the Confederate states
2) invade
Northern states if opportunity arises
Anaconda Plan
Texas-Mexico Trade Routes Texas was economically important to the Confederacy because the Confederacy was able to conduct foreign trade through Mexico by way of Texas.
Ft Sumter
•
April 12, 1861
•
Charleston Harbor – Charleston, S.C.
•
Union surrendered the fort
Significance of Ft. Sumter
•
Led to the secession of Virginia (VA), Arkansas (AR), Tennessee (TN), and North Carolina (NC)
•
First military action of the war
•
This is the start of the Civil War!
First Battle of Bull Run
•
July 21, 1861
•
Manassas, Virginia (also called
“
1 st Manassas
”
)
–
30 miles from Washington, D.C.
•
Confederates won the battle, but failed to force the Union army to retreat.
•
4,700 killed/wounded/captured (K/W/C)
Significance of Bull Run
•
First major battle of the war
•
Confederate victory and a major morale boost for the South.
•
It showed both sides that the War would not go exactly as expected people thought the war would be over in a few days —it would last 4 years.
Battle of Shiloh
•
April 6-7, 1862
•
Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee
–
near Shiloh Church
•
Confederate army drove Union back on the first day, but the Union won the battle the second day.
•
24,000 K/W/C
Significance of Shiloh
•
Texas General Albert Sidney Johnston killed.
– –
Considered one of South
’
s best Generals His death was a severe blow to Confederate Army
–
Fought at Battle of San Jacinto
•
Showed Americans that this would be a long and bloody war.
•
It also showed the determination and skill of Ulysses S. Grant.
Battle of Antietam
• September 17, 1862 • Bloodiest
single
day of the Civil War • Bloodiest
single day battle in American History
!
• Battle is a Standoff and no side wins • 28,000 killed (more WC)
Battle of Gettysburg
•
July 1 - 3, 1863
•
Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
•
General R.E. Lee led Confederate forces into the North. The Union army defeated the confederates in a costly 3 day battle
• •
46,000 K/W/C Bloodiest battle of the entire Civil War!
Significance of Gettysburg
•
Turning point of the war
•
Confederate invasion of the North failed. It was a HUGE morale defeat for the South.
•
Combined with the defeat at Vicksburg the next day, the South was never able to recover.
Vicksburg
•
May 18 - July 4, 1863
•
Vicksburg, Mississippi
–
on Mississippi River
•
Confederates surrender after 47 day Union siege of the city.
•
36,000 K/W/C
Significance of Vicksburg
•
Ulysses S. Grant, commander of the Union army, took control of the Mississippi River.
•
Split the confederacy in half and cut off important trade routes through New Orleans and Texas.
Texans on the Attack
•
The Confederacy
’
s first objective was to overtake Union garrisons and supplies.
•
Texas launched a preventive strike on Union Forces in New Mexico.
•
The New Mexico Campaign failed and was abandoned in July 1862.
Battle of Galveston
• Union ships blockade Texas ports.
• Cotton was transported through Mexico and sent to Europe in exchange for war supplies.
• In October 1862 Union forces attacked and captured Galveston.
• Texas Confederate forces retook Galveston in January 1863.
The Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
• • By issuing the
Emancipation Proclamation
, President Lincoln makes
slavery
the
focus
of the war.
Terms
of the Proclamation: 1)
Frees slaves in the Confederate states
2)
Does NOT apply to
areas occupied by the
Union
or states
3)
where slavery is permitted in the Union – (
border states
of Missouri and Kentucky)
Discourages Britain
from supporting/joining the Confederacy The Proclamation brings mixed reactions….
Emancipation in 1863
Some Reactions:
• • gives war a
higher moral purpose Free blacks
can now against slavery
join Union army
and fight • • • Northern Democrats claim it will
antagonize the South
and
prolong the war Confederacy
to keep slavery now MORE DETERMINED to fight
No chance of compromise now
and the other side must LOSE!
-one side must WIN
Texans Defend Sabine Pass
• Confederate soldiers defeated Union forces at Sabine Pass.
• Dick Dowling and the Davis Guards played a major role by capturing 350 soldiers and two boats.
• The Battle of Sabine Pass was an important Confederate victory, foiling the Union ’ s major campaign against Texas.
"There is no parallel in ancient or modern warfare to the victory of Dowling and his men at Sabine Pass considering the great odds against which they had to contend" Jefferson Davis
The Battle of Sabine Pass September 8, 1863 In the fall of 1863, Confederate forces under the command of Lt. Richard Dowling turned back a much larger Union invasion force at the battle of Sabine Pass.
Forces Battle over Brownsville
• Hoping to cut off the overland supply line, the Union focused on Brownsville.
• In November 1863 Confederate troops drove back a Union attack on Brownsville .
Red River and Beyond
• Union forces captured New Orleans. With 25,000 troops, the Union forces moved toward East Texas.
• A smaller Confederate army led by Thomas “ Tom ” Green, met Union forces 25 miles from the Texas border in one of the bloodiest campaigns.
Red River and Beyond
• Hood ’ s Texas Brigade and Terry ’ s Texas Rangers served bravely • Terry ’ s Texas Rangers served in more battles than any other cavalry regiment in the Civil War.
• General Robert E. Lee called Hood ’ s men his “ finest soldiers.
”
1864: Life During Wartime • The Civil War brings about dramatic
social
and
economic
changes in American society including: 1) African Americans join the Union army to fight 2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines 3) On plantations: some destroy property, others refuse to leave
Black Troops Freeing Slaves
War Affects Regional Economies
•
FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
– Food
shortages
slaves –
Blockade
with enemy from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of creates other shortages; some Confederates
trade
•
ECONOMY BOOM in the North
– Industries that supply army
boom
– Wages do not keep up with prices; workers ’ drops
standard of living
–
Women
replace men on
farms
,
city jobs
– Congress establishes first
income tax
,
government jobs
on earnings to pay for war
Inflation in the South
Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
• More soldiers died from Dysentery than were killed in battle (diarrhea) • Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions ( epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week • 75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing) fingers the most amputated body part
Casualties on Both Sides
Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars
The Civil War ENDS
•
The Election of 1864
1) Lincoln
re-elected
for
2 nd
term •
IT
’
S OVER!
The Surrender at Appomattox
1) Confederate President Jefferson Davis ’ s government flee
Richmond
and burn it to the ground 2)
Lee surrenders on April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse
- Confederate soldiers pardoned on generous terms by Grant
Appomattox Surrender at
April 9, 1865 After the War ended, Lee dedicated his home [above] in Arlington, Virginia for a military burial grounds – today known as the Arlington National Cemetery
Battle of Palmito Ranch
• The final battle of the Civil War took place on May 12, 1865, at Palmito Ranch, near Brownsville.
• Confederate soldiers did not know that the war was over.
• Texans learned from their prisoners that Lee had surrendered a month earlier.
The War Changes Lives
• New Birth of Freedom 1) 1865:
13 th Amendment
in all states abolishes slavery • Some Follow New Paths 1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are civilians, many go west
The War Changes our Future
•
Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
1)
April 14, 1865
, Lincoln is shot at
Ford
’
s Theatre
2) Assassin
John Wilkes Booth
by Union cavalry and shot escapes, is later trapped 3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln ’ s funeral train
Ford
’
s Theater
(April 14, 1865)