Transcript Chapter 7
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Gas-Fired and Non Gas-Fired Structures
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Knowledge Objectives
(1 of 5) • Identify the codes, standards, and guidelines to consult when building a permanent live fire training structure.
• Discuss how procedures and due diligence are critical in ensuring safety in a permanent live fire training structure.
• Describe the characteristics of a gas-fired live fire training structure.
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Knowledge Objectives
(2 of 5) • Discuss the policies that must be followed when working in a gas-fired live fire training structure.
• Describe the characteristics of a non-gas-fired live fire training structure.
• Discuss the policies that must be followed when working in a non-gas-fired live fire training structure.
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Knowledge Objectives
(3 of 5) • Identify the general features in permanent live fire training structures that assist in providing realistic training evolutions.
• Identify the information that must be included in the preburn plan.
• Describe how to create the emergency plan and ensure that it is implemented correctly.
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Knowledge Objectives
(4 of 5) • Describe how to ensure the safety of spectators, media, and visitors.
• Describe how to ensure the water supply is adequate for training evolutions.
• Describe how to ensure on-site facilities.
• Describe how to maintain permanent live fire training structures.
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Knowledge Objectives
(5 of 5) • Describe how to prepare a gas-fired live fire training structure for a safe training evolution.
• Describe how to prepare a non-gas-fired live fire training structure for a safe training evolution.
• Describe how to ensure a safe ignition and burn with a gas-fired system.
• Describe how to ensure a safe ignition with a non-gas-fired system.
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Skills Objectives
• Inspect and prepare a gas-fired live fire training structure.
• Inspect and prepare a non-gas-fired live fire training structure.
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Introduction
• Two basic types of permanent live fire training burn buildings – Gas-fired – Non-gas-fired • NFPA 1403,
Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions
, covers the specific requirements for both types of structures.
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Code Requirements
• NFPA 1402,
Guide to Building Fire Service Training Center
s, is the guideline to use when building a new facility.
• A standard is not law unless adopted by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) or governmental authority.
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Making and Enforcing the Rules
• Facility manager – Ensures that concise procedures are in place • Procedures include normal to emergency activities.
• Some facilities post the rules.
Courtesy of the Loudon County Department of Fire, Rescue, & Emergency Management
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(1 of 11) • Permanent live fire training structures: designed to withstand repeated fires without incurring damage – Gas-fired live fire training structures: permanent structures where burn sets are fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or propane – Non-gas-fired live fire training structures: permanent structures where fires are fueled by Class A materials
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(2 of 11) • Structures made of steel, concrete, masonry construction • Can be freestanding, part of a training tower, or mobile structure • Built with extremely heat resistive material, allowing for repetitive fires and extended use
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(3 of 11) • Thermal shock: ceiling, walls, floor surfaces heat unevenly and expand; then rapidly, unevenly are cooled by hose streams.
• Newer facilities have insulation panels and replaceable, non load-bearing walls.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(4 of 11) • Gas-fired live fire training structures — Fueled with LPG or propane gas — Computer-controlled systems evaluate conditions and shut down if unsafe.
Courtesy of Kidde Fire Trainers, Inc.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(5 of 11) • Gas-fired live fire training structures (cont.) — Able to simulate specific scenarios — Dead man switch can shut fire down and initiate ventilation.
Courtesy of Kidde Fire Trainers, Inc.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(6 of 11) • Gas-fired live fire training policies — Fuel and fire locations — Heat ranges — Types of scenarios — Simultaneous training evolutions — Staffing requirements — Host personnel
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(7 of 11) • Non-gas-fired live fire training structures — Produce higher temperatures than gas-fired structures — Less expensive to build than gas-fired — Lack safety controls found in gas-fired — Many instructors find them more realistic.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(8 of 11) • Non-gas-fired live fire training policies – Fuels selected per NFPA 1403 and AHJ – Follow specific fuel load amount and staging policies.
– Set maximum temperature levels.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(9 of 11) • Non-gas-fired live fire training policies (cont.) – Locations and types of training evolutions – Concurrent training evolutions allowed by NFPA 1403 – Staffing requirements follow NFPA 1403.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(10 of 11) • Temperature monitoring – Relying too much on temperature reading is dangerous.
– Many factors influence danger levels.
– Carefully monitor conditions.
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Types of Live Fire Training Structures
(11 of 11) • Shipping containers – Used with Class A fuels or gas fired systems – Thermal liners protect container from thermal shock.
– Need to comply with NFPA 1403
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Features of Live Fire Training Structures
• Some features include: – Car props – Enclosed interior stairs – Sound systems – Realistic layouts – Doors and windows – Attic areas – Ducted smoke distribution – Roof vent props
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Preburn Plan
(1 of 6) • The preburn plan needs to include: – Specific objectives – Who will participate – Water supply – Apparatus – Rapid intervention crews/emergency procedures – Incident management staffing/team organization
Preburn Plan
(2 of 6) • The preburn plan needs to include (cont.): – Order of operations – List of the training evolutions – Assignments and rotation – Communications plan – Building plan – Site plan – Emergency medical plan – Areas for staging, operating, parking
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Preburn Plan
(3 of 6) • The preburn plan needs to include (cont.): – Policy for use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) – Checklist to confirm with agencies notified that evolutions are to be conducted – Requirements for other agencies – Acceptable weather parameters – Demobilization plan – Policy/plan for spectators, media, visitors
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Preburn Plan
(4 of 6) • Participants must walk through structure.
• Emergency plan requires rapid intervention crews to be in place.
• Building evacuation plan must be known by all.
• Spectators to be kept away from operations
Preburn Plan
(5 of 6) • Instructor-in-charge determines water flow needs.
• On-site facilities, such as restrooms and lights, are essential.
Courtesy of Robert Hernandez, Miami-Dade Fire Rescue
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Preburn Plan
(6 of 6) • Instructor-in-charge and safety officer check inspection records.
• NFPA 1403 requires engineer with live fire training structure experience and expertise.
• Structures are evaluated for safety.
• If structural damage is severe enough to affect safety of participants, live fire training is not permitted.
Preparation
(1 of 8) • Check proximity to other structures.
• Identify adjacent properties. • Identify and designate parking areas.
• Identify fire-ground location for press and spectators.
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Preparation
(2 of 8) • Preparation and inspection – Look for signs of lack of structural integrity.
– Check doors and windows for easy operation.
– Search structure for unauthorized persons, animals, objects.
– Check stairs and railings.
– Check roof vent. – Look for any debris.
– Damage should be documented.
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Preparation
(3 of 8) • Preparation and inspection (cont.) – If damage is significant, training not permitted – All devices checked and operated prior to evolution – Awareness of weather conditions – Sources of ignition or unidentified materials removed – Check burn set locations or gas-fired systems.
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Preparation
(4 of 8) • Instructors run gas-fired props and systems with students to ensure correct operation.
• Instructors must: – Be familiar with fire room environment – Not place anything on gas-fired props – Watch for debris
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Preparation
(5 of 8) • Inspection of non-gas-fired live fire training structures includes: – Visual inspection of the structure – Adjacent properties identified and informed of date and time of training evolution – Streets or highways surveyed – Instructor-in-charge documents fuel loading.
– Identify exact burn locations.
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Preparation
(6 of 8) • Inspection of non-gas-fired live fire training structures includes (cont.): – Excessive fuel load contributes to conditions of dangerous fire behavior.
– Ensure primary and secondary exit paths do not conflict with expected fire spread.
– Burn set placed in a corner of room – Burn set cannot be located in exit path.
Preparation
(7 of 8) • Inspection of non-gas-fired live fire training structures includes (cont.): – No burn room used that does not have two separate means of egress – Hearths, fireboxes, steel drawer, large pan can be used.
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Preparation
(8 of 8) • Inspection of non-gas-fired live fire training structures includes (cont.): – Use Class A materials only.
– NFPA 1403 allows concurrent, multiple fires in permanent non-gas-fired live fire training structures.
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Operations
(1 of 3) • Operations in permanent live fire training structures require less personnel; less labor intensive than acquired structures.
– Still need to follow considerations and perform a walk-through • Instructors must be qualified by the AHJ.
• Ignition decisions made by instructor-in-charge and safety officer.
– Follow Go/No Go sequence.
Operations
(2 of 3) • Gas-fired systems have automatic ignition systems.
– Instructor must visually confirm burn area is clear of personnel.
– Communication is critical.
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Operations
(3 of 3) • Non-gas-fired systems – Setup of burn rooms and ignition process follow same procedures as acquired structures.
– Nobody can operate inside the structure alone.
Overhaul
• Once evolutions complete: – Check for injuries.
– Check for damage to PPE and SCBA.
– Report any damage, deficiencies, and repairs needed.
– Leave facility in a safe condition.
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Summary
(1 of 2) • Use of permanent live fire training structures reduces chance of problems that occur in acquired structures.
• They are designed to withstand repeated fires without incurring damage.
• Gas-fired structures are fueled with liquefied petroleum gas or propane.
• Non-gas-fired structures produce higher temperatures than gas-fired structures.
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Summary
(2 of 2) • Develop preburn plan. • Fire structure must be properly maintained and structural integrity inspected once a year.
• Fire structure is inspected for hazards and prepared before training evolutions.
• Safety is crucial.