Transcript Document 7203612

Chapter 4
Socialization and Development
Chapter Outline
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Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture
The Concept of Self
Theories of Development
Early Socialization in American Society
Adult Socialization
Socialization
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Social interaction that teaches the child
the intellectual, physical, and social skills
needed to function as a member of
society.
Each child slowly acquires a
personality— the patterns of behavior
and ways of thinking and feeling that are
distinctive for each individual.
Becoming a Person: Biology
and Culture
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Every human being is born with a set of genes,
inherited units of biological material.
The Human Genome Project found that humans
have about 30,000 genes.
Genes influence the chemical processes in our
bodies and control some of these processes.
Most of our body processes, are the result of
the interaction of genes and the environment
(physical, social, and cultural).
Becoming a Person: Biology
and Culture
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Height depends on the genes that control the
growth of your legs, trunk, neck, and head and
also on the amount of protein, vitamins, and
minerals in your diet.
Genes help determine blood pressure, but so
do the amount of salt in your diet, the frequency
with which you exercise, and the amount of
stress under which
Sociobiology
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Discipline using biological principles to
explain the behavior of social animals and
humans.
Deprivation and
Development
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Human infants need more than just food
and shelter if they are to function
effectively as social creatures.
Children who aren’t provided physical,
mental, or emotional stimulation often
develop attachment disorder—they re
unable to trust people and to form
relationships with others.
The Concept of Self
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An awareness of the existence,
appearance, and boundaries of one’s
own body.
The ability to refer to one’s own
being by using language and other
symbols.
Knowledge of one’s personal history.
The Concept of Self
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Knowledge of one’s needs and skills.
The ability to organize one’s
knowledge and beliefs.
The ability to organize one’s
experiences.
The Concept of Self
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The ability to take a step back and:
 look at one’s being as others do
 evaluate the impressions one is
creating
 understand the feelings and
attitudes one stimulates in others.
Piaget’s Stages of
Development
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Sensorimotor stage (birth to age 2)
 Infant relies on touch and the manipulation of
objects for information about the world,
slowly learning about cause and effect.
Preoperational stage (about age 2)
 Child begins to learn that words can be
symbols for objects. The child cannot see the
world from another person’s point of view.
Piaget’s Stages of
Development
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Operational stage (age 7 to about age 12)
 The child begins to think with some logic and
can understand numbers, shapes, and
spatial relationships.
Formal, logical thought (adolescence)
 People at this stage are capable of abstract,
logical thought are able to anticipate
consequences of their actions.
Moral Development
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Research suggests that not every person
is capable of thinking about morality in the
same way.
Just as our sense of self and our ability to
think logically develop in stages, our
moral thinking develops in a progression
of steps as well.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality
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Stage 1. Orientation toward
punishment.
Stage 2. Orientation toward reward.
Stage 3. Orientation toward possible
disapproval by others.
Kohlberg’s Stages of Morality
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Stage 4. Orientation toward formal
laws and fear of personal dishonor.
Stage 5. Orientation toward peer
values and democracy.
Stage 6. Orientation toward one’s
own set of values.
Cooley’s: Looking-Glass Self
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The process through which we develop a
sense of self:
 We imagine how our actions appear to
others.
 We imagine how other people judge
these actions.
 We make a self-judgment based on the
presumed judgments of others.
Mead’s Stages of
Development
The self develops in three stages:
1. Preparatory stage - The child imitates the
behavior of others.
2. Play stage - The child begins to formulate role
expectations: playing house, cops and robbers,
etc.
3. Game stage - The child learns there are rules
that specify the proper and correct relationship
among the players.
Freud’s View of the Self
The self has three separately functioning parts:
 id - the drives and instincts every human
inherits, but which remain unconscious for the
most part.
 Superego - society’s norms and moral values
as learned primarily from our parents.
 ego - tries to mediate in the eternal conflict
between the id and the superego, and to find
socially acceptable ways for the id’s drives to be
expressed.
Erikson’s Stages of Human
Development
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Human development is accomplished in 8
stages.
Each stage amounts to a crisis brought on
by two factors:
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Biological changes in the
developing individual.
Social expectations and stresses.
Erikson’s Stages of Human
Development
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At each stage, the individual is pulled
in opposite directions to resolve the
crisis.
The individual resolves the conflict at
each stage somewhere toward the
middle of the opposing options.
Erikson’s Eight Stages of
Human Development
Stage
Age Period
Trust vs.
mistrust
Autonomy vs.
shame and
doubt
Initiative vs.
guilt
Birth to 1
year
Characteristic to
Be Achieved
Sense of trust or
security
1 to 4 years
Sense of
autonomy
4 to 5 years
Sense of initiative
Erikson’s Eight Stages of
Human Development
Stage
Characteristic to
Age Period
Be Achieved
Sense of duty and
6 to 12 years
accomplishment
Industry
vs.inferiority
Identity vs.
Adolescence Sense of identity
role confusion
Intimacy vs.
Young
Sense of intimacy
isolation
adulthood
Erikson’s Eight Stages of
Human Development
Stage
Generativity
vs.
stagnation
Integrity vs.
despair
Age Period
Characteristic to Be
Achieved
30s to 50s
Sense of productivity
and creativity
Old age
Sense of ego
integrity - achieved
by acceptance of
the life one has lived
Daniel Levinson
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Proposed that adults are faced with new
developmental tasks throughout their lives
and working through these challenges is
the essence of adulthood.
Both men and women go through the
same periods of adult development,
although there are differences due to
external and internal constraints.
Question
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Freud's part of the self that represents
society's norms and moral values is the
_________________ .
Answer: superego
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Freud's part of the self that represents
society's norms and moral values is the
superego.
Question
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According to Erikson, the conflict to be
resolved during adolescence is:
A. industry vs. inferiority.
B. identity vs. role confusion.
C. intimacy vs. isolation.
D. autonomy vs. shame.
Answer: B
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According to Erikson, the conflict to be
resolved during adolescence is identity
vs. role confusion.
Question
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Of the socialization theories, which one
do you think offers the best explanation
for why people develop as they do?
A. Mead
B. Coffman
C. Cooley
D. Freud
E. Piaget
Agents of Socialization
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The Family
The School
Peer Groups
The Mass Media and Socialization
Question
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Which agent of socialization do you think is the
most responsible for gender differences in how
males and females are socialized?
 The family
 Religion
 The peer group
 Education
 Mass media
Primary Child-Care Arrangements
For Preschool Children
Controversies in Sociology: Is Day
Care Harmful to Children?
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Higher-quality day care is related to:
 Better mother-child relationships
 Lower probability of insecure attachment in
infants of mothers low in sensitivity
 Fewer reports of children’s problem
behaviors
 Higher cognitive performance of children
 Higher language ability of children
 Higher level of school readiness
Controversies in Sociology: Is Day
Care Harmful to Children?
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Poor-quality day care produces
 Less harmonious mother-child relationships
 Higher probability of insecure mother-child
attachment in infants of mothers already low
in sensitivity.
 More problem behaviors, lower cognitive and
language ability, and lower school-readiness
scores
The Mass Media
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98.2% of all households in the U.S. have
television sets, with an average of 2 sets per
home.
Schoolchildren watch an average 2 1/2 hours of
television on school days and 4 hours and 20
minutes on weekends.
By the time most people reach the age of 18,
they will have spent more waking time watching
television than doing anything else.
Question
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Which media source do you think has the
strongest impact on attitudes and
behaviors of your generation?
 Advertising
 Television
 Music and music videos
 The Internet
 Magazines
Primary Socialization
Primary socialization means individuals have:
 Learned a language and can think logically.
 Accepted the basic norms and values of the
culture.
 Developed the ability to pattern behavior in
terms of these norms and values.
 Assumed a culturally appropriate social identity.
Adult Socialization
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The process by which adults learn new statuses
and roles.
Differences from primary socialization:
 Adults are much more aware than young
people are of the processes through which
they are being socialized.
 Adults often have more control over how they
wish to be socialized and therefore can
generate more enthusiasm for the process.
Resocialization
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Exposure to ideas or values that in one
way or another conflict with what was
learned in childhood.
Factors In Effective
Resocialization
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Isolation from the outside world.
Spending all of one’s time in the same
place with the same people.
Shedding individual identity by giving up
old clothes and possessions for standard
uniforms.
A clean break with the past.
Loss of freedom of action.
Total Institutions
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Environments such as prisons or mental
hospitals in which the participants are
physically and socially isolated from the
outside world.
Question
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Which of the following is an example of
a total institution?
A. prison
B. public school
C. the family
D. local church
Answer: A
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A prison is an example of a total
institution.
Quick Quiz
1. The process of learning the skills needed
to function as a member of society is:
A. development.
B. socialization.
C. social identity acquisition.
D. personality acquisition.
Answer: B
2. Our own distinctive patterns of behavior
and ways of thinking and feeling are our:
A. social identity.
B. personality.
C. social status.
D. social attachment.
Answer: B
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Our own distinctive patterns of behavior
and ways of thinking and feeling are our
personality.
3. The stage at which a child relies on touch
and manipulation of objects for
information is the ________ stage.
A. preoperational
B. sensoroimotor
C. formal operational
D. operational
Answer: B
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The stage at which a child relies on
touch and manipulation of objects for
information is the sensoroimotor stage.
4. According to Mead, the stage in the
development of the self where we learn
the expectations, positions and rules of
society at large is the:
A. preparatory stage.
B. play stage.
C. game stage.
D. generative stage.
Answer: C
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According to Mead, the stage in the
development of the self where we learn
the expectations, positions and rules of
society at large is the game stage.
5. According to Erik Erikson, human
development is:
A. completed by age 4.
B. completed by age 2.
C. completed by age 21.
D. a lifelong process.
Answer: D
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According to Erik Erikson, human
development is a lifelong process.