Transcript Rowntree, et. al., as modified by Joe Naumann, UMSL Chapter 1 -- Globalization

Chapter 1 -Globalization
Rowntree, et. al., as modified by
Joe Naumann, UMSL
Conclusion from a healthy world
view
• "The deeper we look
into nature the more
we recognize that it is
full of life, and the
more profoundly we
know that all life is a
secret, and we are all
united to all this life."
Albert Schweitzer
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Origins of Geographic Study: natural
human inquisitiveness
• Thinking geographically is one of the oldest
human activities. Perhaps the first geographer
was a prehistoric human who crossed a river or
climbed a hill, observed what was on the other
side, returned home to tell about it, and
scratched the route in the dirt. Perhaps the
second geographer was a friend or relative who
followed the dirt map to reach the other side.
• James M. Rubenstein in Contemporary Human
Geography
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Chapter 1:
Globalization and
Diversity
World Regions
Map of World Regions (fig. 1.2)
Regions defined by Rowntree et al.
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Learning Objectives
• Understand framework for studying world regional
geography
• Examine varied aspects of globalization
• Economic, cultural, geopolitical, environmental, social
• Understand the following models and terms
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Demographic transition
Measures of population growth and change
Indicators of social development
Measures of economic development
State, nation, and nation-state
Culture
Core-periphery model
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What is Geography?
• An Exploration of Terrestrial Patterns and
Connections
• The geographic perspective.
• Elements of geographic study
• Began with basic human needs for order and meaning in
life
• The “Mother” of sciences and other disciplines
• The Five Themes of Geography
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Awaken to Wonders . . .
• Click on the globe above to see the video
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Geography as a bridging subject
• Regional
geography
serves as a
bridge
between
many
disciplines
which
originated as
branches of
geography
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Regional geography may
be seen as areal systems
analysis
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Areal (spatial) systems analysis
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Four Laws of Ecology – many applications
1. Everything is connected.
•
Think of a spider web of interconnections.
2. Everything goes somewhere.
•
Think of changing forms – from log to ashes and
gases! (Every atom from the log still exists)
3. Nature knows best!
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Nonbiodegradable compounds can be
dangerous, and they never go away!
4. There’s no such thing as a free lunch.
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Every environmental change has consequences!
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Point of view – broad & connective
• Geographers are concerned with more than
locating phenomena and cataloging their
characteristics. – that may be a starting point.
• Geographers may seek to identify regions,
areas of commonality, once the locations of
phenomena have been plotted
• May use historical perspective
• Geographers may seek connections between
this phenomena and others to see if there are
cause-effect relations.
• Geographers try to understand the “whole
picture” of the human relationship with the earth
which humanity occupies.
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Past & Present
Perspectives
• Environmental Determinism
• Largely discredited
• Possibilism
• More balanced and realistic
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Diversity Amid Globalization
• Globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of
people and places through the converging processes of
economic, political, and cultural change
• Converging Currents of Globalization
• Global communications link world regions
• Global transportation moves goods quickly
• Transnational conglomerate corporations; international
financial institutions more powerful than many countries
• Global free-trade agreements
• Market economies replace state-controlled economies
• Privatization replacing goods & services from governments
• Globalized market for consumer goods (needed or not)
• Globalization of workers, managers, executives
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• Global Consumer Culture
• May erode local diversity
• Can cause social tensions between traditional
cultures and new, external globalizing influences
• Examples: clothing, food, movies, and more
• Global goods and services more familiar in
North America, because many originated there
• Hybridization: sometimes occurs when forms of
American popular culture spread abroad then are
melded with local cultural traditions
• Hybridites include world beat music, Asian food,
Japanese comic books, that are now found worldwide
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• The Geopolitical Component
• Globalization goes beyond national boundaries
• United Nations provides representation to all countries
• Global trade and cultural exchange are the product of
international agreements
• Environmental Concerns
• Globalized economy creates and intensifies environmental
problems, disrupts local ecosystems as transnational firms
search for natural resources and factory sites
• Native peoples may lose resource base
• Globalization aggravates world environmental problems
(climate change, air & water pollution, deforestation)
• International treaties may help
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• Social Dimensions
• Increased international migration
• Asians, Latin Americans to the U.S.
• Africans, Asians to Western Europe
• Japan and Korea less homogeneous
• Immigrants from poor countries to less poor ones nearby
• Criminal element to globalization
• Terrorism (discussed later in the chapter)
• Drugs
• Illegal narcotics link remote Burma to global economy
• Economies reorient to drug smuggling & money
laundering
• Pornography, prostitution and gambling
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The Global Drug Trade (Fig. 1.6)
Drug Trade
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• Advocates and Critics of Globalization
• The Proglobalization Stance (Advantages)
• Globalization is logical expression of capitalism
• Removing trade barriers increases efficiency, spreads new
technology and ideas
• Free flow of capital will enhance global economic wealth
• World’s poorer countries will catch up through globalization
• The Antiglobalization Stance (Disdvantages)
• Today’s core, developed countries did not use globalization’s
free-market economic model to foster their own development
• Globalization creates greater inequalities
• It promotes free-market, export-oriented economies, at the
expense of local, indigenous economies
• Spreads undesirable things (diseases, crime, harmful flora and
fauna) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
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Global Economic Inequity 1960-2000
(Fig. 1.9)
Inequity
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• A Middle Position?
• Many experts say arguments both for and against
globalization are exaggerated
• Globalization is probably unavoidable
• Even anti-globalization forces use the global reach of the
internet to oppose globalization
• It is both necessary and possible to manage globalization
at national and international levels
• Reduce economic inequities
• Protect the natural environment
• Strong & efficient governments, international
organizations, and watchdog groups can help manage
globalization
• Really can’t be stopped, but probably can be channeled
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• Diversity in a Globalizing World
• Will globalization bring a homogenous, culturally
bland world?
• The world is still a diverse place
• Language, religion
• Foods, architecture, urban form
• Politics, economics
• Ethnic and cultural differences are contributing to
separatist political movements
• Politics of diversity demands attention to worldwide
tensions over terrorism, ethnic separateness, regional
autonomy, political independence
• List 2 evidences of diversity in St. Louis area.
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Themes and Issues in World Regional
Geography
• Geography describes Earth and explains spatial
patterns
• Themes and Issues in World Regional Geography
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Environmental geography (biogeography)
Population and settlement (demography)
Cultural coherence and diversity (cultural geography)
Geopolitical framework (Political geography)
Economic and social development (economic geography)
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Population and Settlement: People on the Land
• The human population is at its largest point: more than
6 billion people on earth
• About 86 million born each year (10,000 each hour)
• 90% of population growth in developing regions (Africa, Latin America, South
Asia, East Asia)
• Several important population issues
• Population growth rates vary from region to region; some grow
rapidly, others with slow or no growth
• Regions and countries have vastly different approaches to family
planning (to increase or decrease population), from regulation to
incentives and social cooperation
• Migration is very important; some migrate for better life, but
others migrate to flee war, persecution, or environmental disasters
• The greatest international migration in human history is occurring
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NOW
World Population (Fig. 1.12)
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• Population Growth and Change
• There are several important population
statistics that you need to know (memorize)
• Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): annual growth
rate for a country or region as a percentage increase
• (annual # of births) – (annual number of deaths) = RNI
• Current world RNI is 1.3% per year
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): total number of births
divided by the total population, giving a figure per
1,000 of the population; world CBR is 22 per 1,000
• Crude Death Rate (CDR): total number of deaths
divided by the total population, giving a figure per
1,000 of the population; world CDR is 9 per 1,000
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• Population Growth and Change
• More population statistics you must know
• Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of
children born by a statistically average woman
(world average - 2.8; 1.4 – Europe; 5.2 - Africa)
• 2.1 is the replacement rate
• Percentage of population under age 15
• Signals future rapid population growth
• Percentage of population over age 65
• Older people need more health care, social
security from younger workers
• Population pyramids: show the gender and
percentage of the population in specific age groups
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Population Pyramids (Fig. 1.14)
Population Pyramids
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• The Demographic Transition
• Demographic transition model –four-stage model that
tracks changes in birthrates and death rates through
time as a population urbanizes
• The four stages
• Stage 1: High birth rate and high death rate
• Stage 2: Death rate falls dramatically; birth rate
stays high
• Improved public health, modern medicine
• Linked to economic development
• Stage 3: Death rate low, birth rate begins to fall
• Linked to urbanization, industrialization
• Stage 4: Low birth rate and low death rate
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The Demographic Transition (Fig. 1.15)
Demographic Transition Model
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• Migration Patterns
• Today, about 125 million (2%) of total world population
are migrants of some sort
• Much international migration linked to global
economy
• Push factors: negative conditions that drive people
from a location
• Cultural oppression, war, unemployment, natural disasters
• Pull factors: favorable conditions at a destination that
attract people
• Economic opportunity (jobs), freedom, good climate
• Most migration involves both push and pull factors
working together
• Networks of families, friends, and sometimes labor
contractors connect migrants from their origins to their
destinations
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• An Urban World
• Cities - the focal points of the modern globalizing world
• The size and growth rate of some cities is staggering
• Mexico City and Sao Paolo (Brazil)
• More than 20 million residents
• And they’re adding 10,000 new people each week
• Both are predicted to double in the next 15 years
• Urbanized population: percentage of a country’s people
who live in cities
• Currently, 47% of world’s population lives in cities
• U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia are more than 75% urbanized
• Rates of urbanization in developing world is usually less
than 50%, and may be considerably lower
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Growth of World Cities (Fig. 1.18)
(2000 and projected 2015)
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• Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Geography of
Tradition and Change
• Culture is LEARNED (not innate), is shared (not individual)
behavior, and includes both abstract (language, religion) and
material elements (architecture, technology)
• When Cultures Collide
• Cultural imperialism: active promotion of one’s
cultural system over another
• Cultural nationalism: the process of defending a
cultural system against offensive cultural expression
while at the same time actively promoting local or
national values
• Cultural syncretism or hybridization: the blending
of elements of culture to form a new culture
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• Language and Culture in Global Context
• Language and culture are closely tied
• Language is often the characteristic that best defines
cultural groups
• Since language is the means for communication within a
cultural group, it includes other aspects of cultural identity
(politics, religion, commerce, folkways, customs)
• Dialect: a distinctive form of a language associated
with a specific region (e.g., American and British
English)
• Lingua franca: a third language that is adopted by
people from different cultural groups within a country
who cannot speak each other’s language (e.g., Swahili
in Africa, or English in India)
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World Languages (Fig. 1.22)
Languages
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Geography of World Religion
• Religion is another extremely important defining trait of
cultural groups
• Universalizing religion: attempts to appeal to all people
regardless of location or culture (examples: Christianity with 2
billion, Islam with 1.2 billion, Buddhism)
• Ethnic religion: identified closely with a specific ethnic
group; does not actively seek converts (examples: Judaism,
Hinduism with 850 million in India)
• Secularization: exists when people consider themselves to
be non-religious or outright atheistic (about 1 billion) –
Secular Humanism – a way of life stressing logical “good
values” without basing them on religion
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Religions
Major Religious Traditions (Fig. 1.36)
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Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity
• Geopolitics: term that describes the close link
between geography and political activity
• Focuses on the interaction between power, territory, and
space at all scales
• State: a political unit with territorial boundaries
recognized by other countries and internally governed
by an organizational structure
• Nation: a large group of people who share many
cultural elements (e.g.: language, religion, cultural
identity) and view themselves as a single political
community -- NATIONALISM
• Nation-state: a relatively homogenous cultural group
with its own fully independent political territory (e.g.:
Japan, France); Kurds are a nation without a state
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Kurds: A Nation without a State (Fig. 1.26) – A Stateless Nation
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Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation & Unity
Micronationalism: group identity with the goal of self-rule
within an existing nation-state
- On the rise, and a source of geopolitical tension in the world
Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces
Centrifugal forces: Cultural and political forces acting to
weaken or divide an existing state
- Examples: linguistic minority status, ethnic separatism,
territorial autonomy, disparities in income and well-being
Centripetal forces: Forces that promote political unity and
reinforce the state structure
- Examples: shared sense of history, need for military security,
overarching economic structure
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• Global Terrorism
• 9/11 terrorist attacks not attached to a nationalist or
regional geopolitical aspiration to achieve independence or
autonomy
• Global terrorism - product & expression of globalization
• Asymmetrical warfare: the differences between a
superpower’s military technology and strategy and the
lower level technology and decentralized guerilla tactics
used by al Qaeda and the Taliban
• Colonialism and Decolonialization
• Colonialism: formal establishment of rule over a
foreign population
• Decolonialization: the process of a colony’s gaining
(or regaining) control over its territory and
establishing a separate independent government
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The Colonial World in 1914 (Fig. 1.42)
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Economic and Social Development: The
Geography of Wealth and Poverty
• Economic development brings increased prosperity to
individuals, regions, and nation-states
• More- and Less-Developed Countries
• Core-periphery model: U.S., Canada, western
Europe, and Japan make up the economic core in the
northern hemisphere, while most areas to the south
make up a less-developed periphery
• Indicators of Economic Development
• Development: qualitative and quantitative measures
indicating structural changes (getting “better”)
• Growth: increase in the size of a system (getting
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bigger) Globalization and Diversity; Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff
Measuring Economic Wealth
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): value of all final goods
and services produced within a country
• Gross National Product (GNP): GDP plus the net income
from abroad; but omits non-market economic activity
(bartering, household work)
• Gross National Income (GNI): the value of all final goods
and services produced within a country plus net income
from abroad
• GNI per capita – obtained by dividing the GNI by a country’s
population
• Purchasing power parity (PPP): a comparable for a
standard “market basket” of goods and services purchased
with a local currency
• Economic growth rate: annual rate of expansion for GNP
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World Gross National Income (GNI) Per Capita (Fig. 1.31)
GNI
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Indicators of Social Development
•Life expectancy: average length of life expected at birth for a
hypothetical male or female, as based on national death statistics
•Mortality rate under 5 years: measure of the number of
children who die per 1,000 persons
•Infant mortality rate: # children per 1000 die before age 1.
•Adult illiteracy rates: percentage of a society’s males and
females who cannot read
•Female labor force participation: percentage of a nation’s
labor force that is female
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• Conclusion
• Globalization is driving a fundamental
reorganization of economies and cultures through
trade agreements, supranational organizations,
military alliances, and cultural exchanges
• Discussion of each region includes 5 themes:
• Environmental Geography
• Population and Settlement
• Cultural Coherence and Diversity
• Geopolitical Framework
• Economic and Social Development
Geographies
End of Chapter 1: Diversity and Globalization
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